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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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BIOLOGY
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THE STUDY OF LIFE
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ORGANELLES
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SPECIALIZED SUBUNIT WITHIN A CELL
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS
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HUMANS/ ANIMALS/ EXTERNAL & INTERNAL MEMBRANE MEMBRANE
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PROKARYOTIC CELLS
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BACTERIA/ LACK INTERNAL MEMBRANES/ NO ORGANELLES
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DNA
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INFORMATION MOLECULE/ STORES GENES
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WHAT DO PRODUCERS CONSUME & FOR WHAT?
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SOLAR ENERGY/ CONVERT LIGHT INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY
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HOW DO CONSUMERS GET ENERGY?
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EAT PRODUCERS
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WHAT DO DECOMPOSER DO?
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NATURAL RECYCLER/ CYCLE NUTRIENTS THROUGH ECOSYSTEM
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EVOLUTION
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ABILITY TO CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENT
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COMMUNITY
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WHERE SPECIES LIVES (E.G. DESERT, SAVANNA)
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POPULATION
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ONLY ORGANISMS BELONGING TO SAME SPECIES
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ORGANISM
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INDIVIDUAL WITH ALL PROPERTIES OF LIFE
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CELL
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LOWEST CAPABILITY OF PERFORMING LIFE
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MOLECULE
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2 OR MORE ATOMS JOINED TOGETHER BY CHEMICAL BOND
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ATOM
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SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER
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TAXONOMY
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BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT NAMES AND CLASSIFIES ORGANISMS
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GENUS
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E.G. PANTHERA LEO
PANTHERA IS GENUS |
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SPECIES
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E.G. PANTHERA LEO
LEO IS SPECIES |
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DOMAIN
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UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION
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3 LEVELS OF DOMAIN
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1.DOMAIN BACTERIA (PROKARYOTIC CELLS, MICROSCOPIC)
2. DOMAIN ARCHAE (DIFFERS TO BACTERIA AT MOLECULAR LEVEL) 3. DOMAIN EUKARYA (EUKARYOTIC CELLS) ALL ARE UNICELLULAR |
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4 DIFFERENT EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS
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1. KINGDOM PLANTAE
(CONTAIN CELLULOSE, CHLOROPHYLL PIGMENT, PRODUCERS THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS) 2. KINGDOM FUNGI (DECOMPOSERS THRU EXTERNAL DIGESTION, MUSHROOMS & MOLDS, CELL WALL CONTAINS CHITIN) 3. KINGDOM ANIMALIA (CONSUMERS THRU INTERNAL DIGESTION, MULTICELLULAR, HUMANS) 4. PROTISTS- MULTIPLE KINGDOMS (ALGAE, SEAWEEDS, MOSTLY UNICELLULAR) |
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PROTIST
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DIVERSE GROUP OF EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS
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THE BOND BETWEEN OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS IS A (N)____ BOND.
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IONIC BOND
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THE HYDROGEN OF A WATER MOLECULE ARE HELD BY ____BONDS.
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COVALENT BOND
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WATER HAS UNIQUE PROPERTIES BECAUSE OF THE ____ BONDS BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES.
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HYDROGEN BONDS
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3 STAGES OF MATTER
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1. LIQUID
2. SOLIDS 3. GAS |
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CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
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SUBSTANCES THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO OTHER SUBSTANCES (E.G. WATER)
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OUT OF 92 NATURALLY OCCURRING ELEMENTS ON EARTH HOW MANY ARE NECESSARY?
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25 ELEMENTS, 4 MAKE UP 96% OF LIVING MATTER (OXYGEN, NITROGEN, CARBON, HYDROGEN)
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WHAT ARE TRACE ELEMENTS AND HOW MUCH DO THEY MAKE UP OF LIVING MATTER?
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4%, ESSENTIAL TO GOOD HEALTH, IRON, IODINE, ZINC
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COMPOUNDS?
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SUBSTANCES THAT CONTAIN 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS IN FIXED RATIO (H20)
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ATOM
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SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER
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DESCRIBE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
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2 PROTONS(+), 2 NEUTRONS (n), 2 ELECTRONS(-); ELECTRONS ORBIT AROUND ATTACHED PROTONS & NEUTRONS
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CALCULATING CHEMICAL ELEMENTS?
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ATOM # = PROTON #
MASS # = NEUTRON # + PROTON # NEUTRONS = MASS # - ATOMIC # ELECTRONS # = PROTONS # |
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ATOM NUCLEUS
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WHERE MASS EXISTS
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IONS
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ATOM THAT GAINS OR LOSES ELECTRONS
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CATIONS
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HAVE A POSITIVE CHARGE BY LOSING OR GAINING ELECTRON
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ANIONS
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(-) CHARGE DUE TO GAINING OF ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS
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CHEMICAL BONDS
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WILL FORM THROUGH ATTRACTION OF OPPOSITELY CHARGED ATOMS
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IONIC BOND
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BOND FORMED THROUGH GAINING OR LOSING
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ELECTRON SHELL
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RING OF ELECTRONS AROUND NUCLEUS (1ST HOLDS 2, 2ND HOLDS 8)
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COVALENT BOND
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SHARING OF ELECTRONS
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POLAR MOLECULE
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HAS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGE
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WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE BECAUSE...
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BECAUSE THE ELECTRONS IN COVALENT BONDS ARE NOT SHARED EQUALLY BY O & H, PULL MORE TOWARDS O
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COHESION
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TENDENCY OF MOLECULES TO STICK TO SAME MOLECULES
(E.G. WATER) |
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ADHESION
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TENDENCY TO STICK TO OTHER POLAR SUBSTANCES
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HYDROGEN BONDS RESPONSIBLE FOR 4 PROPERTIES OF WATER
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1. HIGH COHESION & ADHESION
2. WATERS HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT HELPS MAINTAIN TEMPERATURE 3. SOLID WATER LESS DENSE THAN LIQUID WATER 4. WATER IS SOLVENT OF LIFE |
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WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE BECAUSE...
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BECAUSE THE ELECTRONS IN COVALENT BONDS ARE NOT SHARED EQUALLY BY O & H, PULL MORE TOWARDS O
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SURFACE TENSION
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MEASURE OF HOW DIFFICULT IT IS TO BREAK
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COHESION
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TENDENCY OF MOLECULES TO STICK TO SAME MOLECULES
(E.G. WATER) |
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ADHESION
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TENDENCY TO STICK TO OTHER POLAR SUBSTANCES
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SPECIFIC HEAT
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MEASURE OF HOW MUCH ENERGY IS NEEDED TO CHANGE TEMPERATURE (ABSORBED OR LOST)
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HYDROGEN BONDS RESPONSIBLE FOR 4 PROPERTIES OF WATER
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1. HIGH COHESION & ADHESION
2. WATERS HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT HELPS MAINTAIN TEMPERATURE 3. SOLID WATER LESS DENSE THAN LIQUID WATER 4. WATER IS SOLVENT OF LIFE |
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EVAPORATIVE COOLING
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WHEN SUBSTANCES EVAPORATES RESIDUE LIQUID COOLS DOWN
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SURFACE TENSION
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MEASURE OF HOW DIFFICULT IT IS TO BREAK
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SOLVENT
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DISSOLVING AGENT
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SPECIFIC HEAT
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MEASURE OF HOW MUCH ENERGY IS NEEDED TO CHANGE TEMPERATURE (ABSORBED OR LOST)
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SOLUTE
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SUBSTANCE THAT IS DISSOLVING
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EVAPORATIVE COOLING
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WHEN SUBSTANCES EVAPORATES RESIDUE LIQUID COOLS DOWN
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SOLUTION
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SOLVENT + SOLUTE= SOLUTION
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SOLVENT
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DISSOLVING AGENT
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SOLUTE
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SUBSTANCE THAT IS DISSOLVING
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SOLUTION
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SOLVENT + SOLUTE= SOLUTION
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AQUEOUS SOLUTION
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WHEN WATER IS SOLVENT
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pH
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IS THE MEASURE OF ACIDIC OR BASIC NATURE OF A SOLUTION
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BASIC SOLUTIONS
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HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF HYDROXIDE IONS (OH-)
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ACIDIC SOLUTION
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HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN IONS (H+)
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pH SCALE
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RANGES FROM 0-14
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BUFFERS
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SUBSTANCE THAT MINIMIZES CHANGES IN pH, RESIST pH CHANGES BY ACCEPTING H+ IONS WHEN IN EXCESS AND DONATING H+ IONS WHEN DEPLETED
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PRODUCTS
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WHAT REACTANTS ARE CONVERTED TO
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REACTANTS
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STARTING MATERIAL
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ORGANIC MOLECULES
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MOST COMMON SUBSTANCES FOUND IN LIVING ORGANISMS
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HYDROCARBON
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SIMPLEST ORGANIC MOLECULES CONTAINING ONLY CARBON & HYDROGEN ATOMS
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FUNCTIONAL GROUP
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OCCUR TOGETHER IN PARTICULAR PATTERN
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SIMPLEST HYDROCARBON
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METHANE (CH4)
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HYDROXYL GROUP
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FOUND IN ALCOHOL AND SUGAR
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WHAT ARE THE 4 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND WHY ARE THEY SPECIAL TO ORGANIC MOLECULES?
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GIVE ORGANIC MOLECULES UNIQUE PROPERTIES (HYDROXYL GROUP, CARBONYL GROUP, AMINO GROUP, CARBOXYL GROUP)
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WHY IS CARBON THE BACKBONE OF LIFE?
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THEY ARE COMMON IN LARGE, COMPLEX MOLECULES BECAUSE THEY CAN FORM 4 COVALENT BONDS WITH OTHER ATOMS
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POLYMERS
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LARGE MOLECULES MADE TOGETHER BY STRINGING TOGETHER MANY SMALLER AND SIMILAR SUBUNITS CALLED MONOMERS
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DEHYDRATION REACTION
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BUILD POLYMERS FROM MONOMERS (CREATES WATER BY ONE MONOMER LOSING H AND THE OTHER LOSING OH)
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HYDROLYSIS REACTION
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REACTION BREAKS DOWN POLYMERS INTO MONOMERS (BREAKING OF BONDS W/ ADDITION OF H2O)
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CARBOHYDRATES (FUNCTIONS, MONOMERS)
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DIETARY ENERGY, STORAGE, PLANT STRUCTURE; MONOSACCHARIDES, DISAACHARIDES, FRUCTOSE
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LIPIDS
(FUNCTIONS, MONOMERS) |
LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE (FATS), HORMONES (STEROIDS); FATS, STEROIDS
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PROTEINS
(FUNCTIONS, MONOMERS) |
ENZYMES, STRUCTURE, STORAGE, CONTRACTION, TRANSPORT; LACTASE, HEMOGLOBIN
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
(FUNCTIONS, MONOMERS) |
INFORMATION STORAGE; DNA, RNA
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOSACCHARIDES
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CONTAIN C,H,O IN A 1:2:1 RATIO, 3-7 CARBONS, MAIN FUELS MOLECULES FOR CELLS
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ISOMERS
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HAVE SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES
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EXAMPLES OF MONOSACCHARIDES
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SUGARS, GLYCOGEN, STARCH, CELLULOSE
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EXAMPLES OF
DISAACHARIDES |
LACTOSE, MALTOSE, SUCROSE
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POLYSACCHARIDES
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LONG CHAINS OF HUNDREDS OF MONOSACCHARIDES, LINKED TOGETHER THROUGH DEHYDRATION, USED AS STORAGE MOLECULES BROKEN DOWN WHEN GLYCOGEN IS NEEDED
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CHARACTERISTICS OF STARCH
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CONSIST OF GLUCOSE MONOMERS, PLANTS
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CHARACTERISTICS OF GLYCOGEN
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ANIMALS (LIVER & MUSCLES), GLYCOGEN MONOMERS, MAIN FORM OF CARBOHYDRATE STORAGE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLULOSE
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MATERIAL IN CELL WALL OF PLANTS, MADE FROM CELLULOSE
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HYDROPHILIC
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SUBSTANCES DISSOLVE IN WATER (POLAR PROPERTIES)
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HYDROPHOBIC
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DOES NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER
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TRIGLYCERIDES (FATS)
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3 FATTY ACID MOLECULES LINKED TO GLYCEROL MOLECULE
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TRIGLYCERIDES CAN BE...
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SATURATED FAT, UNSATURATED FAT, TRANS FAT
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HYDROGENATION IS...
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PROCESS WHERE THEY TAKE UNSATURATED FAT AND CONVERTS INTO SATURATED FATS BY ADDITION OF HYDROGEN
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STEROIDS HAVE...
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A CARBON STRUCTURE THAT CAN BE BENT IN 4 FUSED RINGS, DIFFER IN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
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ANABOLIC STEROIDS...
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ARE SYNTHETIC VARIANTS OF TESTOSTERONE
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STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
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RESPONSIBLE FOR HARD, DURABLE PARTS (HAIR, NAILS.HORNS)
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CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
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FOUND IN MUSCLE CELLS (ALLOW MUSCLES TO CONTRACT)
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DEFENSIVE PROTEIN
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INCLUDES ANTIBODIES IN OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM
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STORAGE PROTEINS
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USED FOR STORAGE, REPRODUCTION; SEEDS EGGS
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SIGNAL PROTEINS
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SEND MESSAGES (INSULIN SENDS MESSAGES BETWEEN INSULIN)
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TRANSPORT PROTEINS
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INCLUDES HEMOGLOBIN, TRANSPORTS OXYGEN THROUGHOUT BODY
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ENZYMES
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PROTEINS THAT SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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20 AMINO ACIDS DIFFER IN THERE...
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SIDE GROUPS
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AMINO ACIDS LINK TOGETHER THROUGH...
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DEHYDRATION REACTION
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AMINO ACIDS ARE LINKED TOGETHER THROUGH...
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PEPTIDE BONDS TO CREATE POLYPEPTIDES
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4 LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
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(A) PRIMARY STRUCTURE: LINEAR SEQUENCES OF AMINO ACIDS
(B) SECONDARY STRUCTURE: CREATES ALPHA HELIX, CREATED BY FOILING OF POLYPEPTIDE (C) TERTIARY STRUCTURE: CREATED BY CHEMICAL BONDS FOLDING BETWEEN SIDE GROUPS (D) QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE: CHEMICAL BONDING BETWEEN POLYPEPTIDE CONTAINING ORE THAN 1 POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN |
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DENATURATION DESTROYS..
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PROTEINS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION BY UNRAVELING POLYPEPTIDES
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WHAT CAUSES DENATURATION?
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DRAMATIC INCREASE OR DECREASE IN pH
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PARTS OF NUCLEOTIDES
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PHOSPHATE GROUPS, NITROGENOUS BASE, SUGAR
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PARTS OF POLYNUCLEOTIDES
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COVALENT BOND BETWEEN SUGAR OF ONE NUCLEOTIDE & PHOSPHATE OF NEXT GROUP
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