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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy (Work occurs...) |
The capacity to do work (...as a result of energy transfers) |
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First Law of thermodynamics |
-Energy cannot be created or destroyed -Energy can be converted from one form to another and transferred between objects or systems |
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Second Law of thermodynamics |
-Energy tends to disperse spontaneously -Some energy disperses at each energy transfer, usually in the form of heat. |
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Living things maintain their organization by... |
Harvesting energy from someplace else |
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Reaction (Reactant) (Product) Example: label the reaction, reactant, and product C3H6O3-->C6H12O6 |
Process of chemical change (Molecule that enters a reaction) (A molecule remaining at the end of the reaction) Example: C3H6O3=Reactant C3H6O3-->C6H12O6= Reaction C6H12O6=Product |
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When a reaction converts a molecule with lower energy to a molecule with higher energy, do they require a Net Energy Input or Net Release of Energy? |
Net Energy Input |
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When a reaction converst a molecule with higher energy to a molecule with lower energy, do they require a Net Energy Input or Net Release of Energy? |
Net Release of Energy |
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Activation Energy |
Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction. |
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Enzyme |
Protein or RNA that speeds a reaction without being changed by it. (Makes a reaction run much faster than it would on its own) |
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Substrate |
Reactant molecule specifically acted upon by an enzyme. (An enzyme's particular substrate binds at its active site) |
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Regulatory molecules |
affect an enzyme by binding directly to its active site; or elsewhere on the enzyme |
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Coenzyme |
− An organic cofactor − Unlike enzymes, it may be modified by a reaction |
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Electron transfer chains |
− An array of membrane-bound enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence (allow cells to harvest energy in manageable increments) |
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Diffusion |
Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions through a liquid or gas |
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5 Factors of Diffusion Rate |
− Concentration − Temperature − Size − Charge − Pressure |
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Hypotonic (Hypertonic) Isotonic |
low solute concentration relative to another fluid (high solute concentration relative to another fluid) same solute concentration relative toanother fluid |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water across a selectivelypermeable membrane between two fluids thatare not isotonic |
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If extracellular fluid is not isotonic, then the volume changes, how does it change in... Hypotonic Fluid Hypertonic Fluid |
Cells Swell Cells Shrink |
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Turgor |
Pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall, membrane, or other structure that contains it. |
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Passive transport Example: |
- Concentration gradient drives a solute across a cell membrane through a transport protein− Requires no energy input − Example: glucose transporters |
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Active transport Example: |
A transport protein uses energy (ATP) to pump a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient Example: Calcium Pumps |
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Endocytosis Exocytosis |
Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by a ballooning inward of its cellular membrane Process by which a cell expels a vesicle’s contents to extracellular fluid by merging the vesicle with the plasma membrane |
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Phagocytosis (“cell eating”) |
Endocytic pathway by which cells such asmacrophages and other white blood cellsengulf particles such as microbes or cellulardebris |
