Biology

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eight ways to characterise a specific living thing of the biosphere

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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

(Da King's Pony Can Order French Grain Salad)

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Study of Microbes

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Microbiology

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Four SIMPLE characteristics of bacteria

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-very small

-easy to study

-can live anywhere

-prokaryotic

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What are prokaryotes?

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Cells that have no membrane/nucleus

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What does the "archae" in archaebacteria mean?

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Ancient

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What differentiates archaebacteria from eubacteria

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Archaebacteria live in extreme environments and have no peptidoglycan.

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Three most common types of Archarbacteria

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Thermoacidofiles, Methanogens, Halophiles

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Another name for archaebacteria

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Extremophiles

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What does eubacteria have that archaebacteria doesnt have

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Peptidoglycan

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Primary function of bacteria

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Decomposer organisms

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Three main shapes of bacteria

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Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilli

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Bacteria reproduce asexually through...

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Binary Fission

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Three ways that genetic material is transferred from one bacteria to the other

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Conjugation, Transmission, Transformation

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Plasmids of a donor cell are "donated" to a recipient cell, which makes copies of it. What form of genetic material transfer is this?

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Conjugation

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What form of genetic material transfer uses bacteriophage?

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Transduction

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What form of of genetic material transfer uses

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The two types of eubacteria based on feeding

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Autotrophic and Heterotrophic

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Form of genetic transfer where cells take up bacteria's DNA after they die.

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Transformation

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What are heterotrophic bacteria?

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Bacteria that need to feed on something else to survive. (Ex. Parasitic/Saprophytic Bacteria)

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What are autotrophic bacteria? Give two types.

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Self-sustaining bacteria. Can produce their own food.

-Chemosynthetic (Feeds on Chemicals)

-Photosynthetic (Feeds on the sun)

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What are saprophytic bacteria?

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Bacteria that feeds on dead material.

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Four conditions for bacteria to grow?

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Moisture

Temperature

pH

Nutrition

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Temperature range needed for eubacteria to grow?

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28-38 degrees celsius

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What are facultative aerobes?

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They are bacteria that grow as anaerobes but function as aerobes.

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Latin for Poison

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Virus

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Who won a nobel prize for isolating TMV?

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Wendell Stanley

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Who is Dmitri Iwanowski

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Man who discovered the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

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Three outer parts of the cell

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Membrane, Cell Wall, Cell Capsule

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Function of a cell wall

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Keeps the shape of a bacterium

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Function of a cell membrane

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The transportation of nutrients, and allows entry or exit of material

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Function of capsule

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keeps the shape of the cell

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Five stages of the Lytic cycle

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Attachment, Entry, Replication, Assembly, Cell Division

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Five Stages of the Lysogenic Cycle

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Attachment, Penetration, Incorporation, Replication, Cell Divison

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What happens during replication in the Lytic Cycle

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The virus mixes and replicates with the DNA

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What happens during incorporation in the Lysogenic Cycle

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The virus incorporates itself into the DNA of the cell

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What is Lysis? What cycle is it a part of?

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The host cell breaks open, releasing the new viruses into the area. It is a part of the Lytic Cycle.

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A cell needs to have this in order for the viruses to connect with it

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Receptor Sites

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What is an attenuated vaccine?

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It is a live virus that is weakened so that it can strengthen the immune system's defences.

Gives you a stronger immunity.

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Some downsides to an attenuated vaccine

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Cant be given to people who are allergic or have certain diseases such as HIV

Viruses can upgrade

Viruses can become live again

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What are inactivated vaccines?

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They contain viruses that are no longer live and cannot mutate to become live again. They help the immune system get stronger because the IS memorizes the attack plan of the virus.

It gives the virus in you a weaker immunity.

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Downsides of inactivated vaccines

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Stimulate a weaker immune system

Needs specific amounts (boosters) for it to take significant effect.

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Upsides of Inactivated vaccines

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Cheaper; Safer than live vaccines; can be given to those with certain diseases such as HIV

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What is a vaccine?

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method of exposing an infected virus to strengthen an immunity

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what is an antigen?

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substance that stimulates the production of antibodies and combine specifically with them

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What's the difference between a virus and a vaccine

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A virus weakens immunity

A vaccine strengthens immunity

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What are interferons?

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Protein produced by infected host cell and released when cell bursts, binds to receptors in other cells, causing them to produce enzymes that stop dont allow viral replication.

Cell's way of protecting other cells

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Six ways of being able to get infection

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Airborne

Direct

Indirect

Contamination

Wound

Vector-Carried

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What is an immune carrier

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Someone or something that is immune to a pathogen, and can help others because of this

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What is a pathogen

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A bacterium or virus that causes disease

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what does the "eu" in eubacteria mean?

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Eu = True

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What is peptidoglycan

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Substance that forms the cell walls of bacteria. Is the foundation of the cell wall.

Basic component of the cell wall

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what stops the entire bacterial process

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No good environment = No reproduction = No decomposition

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What are diplo, staphylo, and strepto shaped cells?

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Diplo are double

Staphylo are cluster

Strepto are twisted chain

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Some positive uses for bacteria

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yogurt, cheese, vinegar, sauerkraut

insulin, penicillin, anitbiotics

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What is an endospore

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Layers of hard material around the nucleoid region

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When are endospores used

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When a cell detects an unfavorable environment (bad temp, no moisture, etc)

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Two main parts of a virus and their functions

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Capsid - Protection

Nucleic Acid - Like the DNA of the virus

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Setting functions of a virus

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Function best inside cell

Function well outside cell

Does not function outside host/organism

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The ability of a pathogen to affect cells

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Virulence

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Result of the Lysogenic cycle in a nutshell

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Every cell has a bacterial genome inside

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Four classifications of virus

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Based on:

Nucleic Acid

Strand of DNA or RNA

Shape

Envelope

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A short single strand of circular RNA without capsid or envelopes

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viroid

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What is a prion

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Abnormal form of protein that has no nucleic acid

can cause disease

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Kingdom Protista is often called....

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Catchall Kingdom

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"Protozoans" means

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First animals

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What are protozoans?

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Microscopic Mulitcellular Organisms

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Protozoans are

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Motile

Parasitic

Mostly aquatic

Rapid moving (energy used with cell wall is instead used for movement)

Heterotrophic

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Protozoans dont have

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Cell walls

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Protozoans play a key role in the environment by

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Participating in the food chain

Decomposing material

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Protozoans form ______ when they enter hard environments

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cysts

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Cysts are...

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hard coverings formed around protozoans

slows meatbolisms

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What are eyespots?

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Areas of pigment on protozoans that detext pigment, light/chemical intensity etc

DRIVING WHEEL

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Four phylums of Kingdom Protista based on Locomotion

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Sarcodina, Ciliphora, Zoomastigina, Sporozoa

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What does a sarcondine lack?

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Body Shape

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What does a sarcondina have

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Flexibe cell membrane (shape shifter)

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Sarcondina can live in

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Mouth, Sea, intestine etc

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What do sarcondina form when feeding or moving?

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Pseudopodia

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What do sarcodina use to move?

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Pseudopodia

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What are pseudopodia

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"False feet" that are formed for feeding or moving

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Protists are examples of

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Animalcules

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Shape of sarcodina when dormant

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Spherical

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The main order of Sarcondina

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Amoeba

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Amoeba are part of the

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slimy coverings of plants and rocks

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Amoeba has two cytoplasms:

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Endoplasm

Ectoplasm

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Functions of the endo and ectoplams

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Endoplasm grows pseudopodia and brings whole cell (with ectoplasm) with it.

Goes towards light and food.

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Form of locomotion for Amoeba

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Pseudopodia

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What is phagocytosis?

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Ingestion and surrounding of with pseudopodia of food

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Changes in speed or direction in response to food or light

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Taxes

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Amoeba use taxes when they move towards or a way from...

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Food and Light Chemicals

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Digestion process of amoeba after phagocytosis

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-Engulfed my amoeba

-Processed in food vacuole

-Deposits enzymes

-Digestion happens inside vacuole

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One of the only pathogenic Amoebas

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entamoeba hystolytica

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intestinal disease caused by entamoeba hystolytica

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amoebic dysentery

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Another name for Ciliophora

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Ciliates

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Important parts of a ciliophora

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Contractile Vacuole (for water)

Food Vacuole (for food)

Micronucleus

Macronucleus

Gullet

Mouth Pore

Anal Pore

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Locomotion system of Ciliophora

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Cilia

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Ciliophora can keep its _______.

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Shape

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Another name for Phylum Zoomastigina

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Zoomaflagellates

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Means of locomotion for Phylum Zoomastigina

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Flagella

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Habitat of Phylum Zoomastigina

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Ponds and lakes

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Disease that is caused thanks to Phylum Zoomastigina

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Trypanosomiasis

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Vector of Trypanosoma

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TseTse Fly

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Process of Trypanosomiasis

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Trypanosoma

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How does Phylum Zoomastigina feed?

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Through Phagocytosis

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Zoomastigina usually reproduce.....

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asexually

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Study of Fungi

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Mycology

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Example of Fungi's damage to nature

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Elm Bark Fungi

Chestnut Blight Fungus

Cracks on Tree

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Vector of the Elm Bark Fungi

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Elm Bark Beatle

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What the Elm Bark fungi does to the tree

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causes breakdown of water tissues on tree

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Four examples of Fungi-Caused Diseases in Humans

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Ringworms

Atheletes Foot

Thrush

Jock Itch

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What is hiptoplasmosis?

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Fungus found in the droppings of birds and bats

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What is a jock itch?

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Fungal Infection near groin

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Three characteristics of Fungi

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Nonphotosynthetic

Eukaryotic

Hetrotrophic

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Four main fields of benefits of Fungi

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Food

Medecine

Decomposition

Enzyme Production

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Two types of cellular respiration

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Aerobic and Anaerobic

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How is cheese made?

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Enzymes created by fungi act on milk to eat cheese

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Process of producing carbon dioxide in bread dough

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Leavening

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A chemical that kills bacteria around a fungus

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Penicillin

Front 118

Origin words of the word Penicillin

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Penicillin Notatum

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The ability to change form to adapt to the environment

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Dimorphism

Front 120

Fungal Filaments that compose fungal colonies

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Hyphae

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Masses of hyphae

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Mycelia

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What are septa?

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walls in the hyphae that have pores to allow cytoplasm to pass through

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What are septate hyphae?

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Hyphae divided into individual cells

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What are nonspetate hyphae?

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Hyphae that have no septa. The cytoplasm is shared by the entire organism.

Multinucleate

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Why is the nonseptate cytoplasm multi nucleated?

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Because nuclei is needed in the moving of a cytoplasm

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Four types of Hyphae

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Rhizoids

Stolons

Haustoria

Sporophores

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What are Rhizoids?

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Hyphae embedded where fungus is growing

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What are Haustoria

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Parasitic Fungi that attacks host cells to obtain nutrition from cytoplasm

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What are sporophores

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Aerial Hyphae that produce spores

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What are stolons

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Aerial hyphae that connects groups of hyphae together

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What are Aerial Hyphae?

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Absorb oxygen, produce spores, spread fungus

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Three ways of Asexual reproduction in Hyphae

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Budding

Fragmentation

Spore Production

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What happens when hyphae buds?

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Part of a cell pinches off to produce hyphae

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What happens during hyphae fragmentation?

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When hyphae or mycelia detach from a colony. Can happen for nonseptate hyphae

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Two types of spores formed during Hyphae spore production

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Sporagiophore

Conidiophore

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Structure in which spores are formed in sporagiophore

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Sporangium (Sac)

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Sporangiophores are different because they...

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produce spores in a sac.

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Conidiophores are different because they...

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dont produce spores in a sac.

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Product of conidiophores

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Conidium

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When do hyphae reproduce sexually?

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In unfavorable environments

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Mating types of hyphae

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Plus and Minus

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When does sexual reproduction happen in hyphae?

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When plus and minus hyphae meet each other

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Structure produced by fused hyphae which releases spores

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Fruiting body

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Phylum that produces spores in the asci

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Phylum Ascomycota

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Phylum of Kingdom Protista that has no flagellum, cilia, etc

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Sporozoa

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Means of transportation of Sporozoans

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vectors like the mosquito

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Another word for female mosquitos

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Anepholes

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How do sporozoans reproduce?

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In spores.

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Disease of Sporozoans

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Malaria

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Malria penetrates the ______ after the blood stream

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Liver

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Order of Ciliophora

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Paramecium

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Order of Sporozoa that produces malaria

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Plasmodium