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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who discovered transformation and when?
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Fred Griffith in 1928
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Who demonstrated that DNA is genetic material and when?
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Oswald Avery in 1944
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Who confirmed that DNA is the molecule of heredity? When? How?
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in 1952 using radioactive tracers in a virus known as the bacteriophage.
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What are the sides of the "DNA ladder" made of?
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The sides alternate between the sugar dioxyribose and the phosphate group
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What are the purines and how many rings do they have?
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Adenine and Guanine, double rings
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What are the pyrimidines and how many rings do they have?
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Cytosine and Thymine, single rings
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What are the "rungs" of the DNA ladder made of?
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Weak Hydrogen bonds between the two nitrogenous bases.
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Who first described the "double helix"?
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James Watson and Francis Crick
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What does helicase do?
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"Unzips" the DNA
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What does DNA Polymerase do?
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seals the nucleotides in place, making sure A and T bond and C and G bond.
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What are the two main types of mutations?
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Gene Mutations and Chromosomal Mutations
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What are the three types of point mutations?
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Substitution, Insertion, and Deletion
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What are frameshift mutations?
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Adding or deleting a nucleotide resulting in a shift of codons
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________ are agents that cause mutations.
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Mutagens
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What is the point where the double helix separates called?
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the replication fork
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What does a substitution affect?
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one amino acid
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What is an example of a substitution?
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sickle cell anemia
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Most mutations are _______.
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Neutral
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List some examples of mutagens.
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radiation, chemicals, temperature, and some viruses.
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What are carcinogens?
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cancer causing mutagens
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what is a tumor?
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a mass of abnormal cells
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Explain the two types of tumors.
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Benign - cells remain contained in the tumor
Malignant - Cells can spread to other tissues |
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What is an oncogene?
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a gene that keeps cell growth and division in check
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What is another name for a gene?
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exon
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what is an intron?
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A segment of DNA that does not code for anything
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What are the three types of RNA?
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mRNA, tRNA, and Ribosomal RNA
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Where on DNA does RNA polymerase attach?
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at a promoter site
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What are the two types of protein synthesis and what occurs in each?
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Transcription - mRNA is coded from DNA
Translation - mRNA joins with ribosome to make protein |
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Where are codons and anticodons found?
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codon - mRNA
anticodon - tRNA |
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Ribosomes have ___ subunits.
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two
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Which of the ribosome's subunits does the mRNA attach to?
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the small one
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What amino acid is associated with the 'start' codon?
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Methionine
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