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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protons have a ___________ charge. Neutrons have a ___________ charge. Electrons have a __________ charge. |
Positive Neutral Negative |
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The number above the C is the _____ which corresponds with the number of _______? |
Atomic Number Protons |
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The number below the C indicates ________ and is measured by _____________? |
Atomic Weight Electrons + Protons |
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What are the unique properties of water? |
1. High heat capacity 2. High heat vaporization 3. Solvent 4. Cohesive & Adhesive 5. High surface Tension 6. Solid less dense than liquid |
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An organic molecule contains which two atoms? |
Carbon & Hydrogen |
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Polar bonds share electrons ___________ and are ________. |
Unevenly; Assymetric |
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Explain the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. |
Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar (lipids) while hydrophilic molecules are typically polar and capable to hydrogen bonding. |
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What determines the uniqueness of one protein? |
R-group |
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All amino acids contain ___________. |
Nitrogen |
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Name some proteins and what they do. |
Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions Collagen/Keratin: lends support to ligaments/tendons/etc. Hemoglobin: transports O2 and CO2 Cell Membrane channels/ pumps |
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Describe an example of a when your body uses active transport. |
Sodium can't diffuse so it uses a sodium pump to enter the cell membrane. |
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What are the three parts of each monomer of DNA? |
Phosphate, pentose sugar, Nitrogen base |
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What two nucleotides are purines? |
Guanine and Thymine |
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What two nucleotides are pyrimidines? |
Cytosine and Adenine |
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What is a gene? |
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
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What are the three types of RNA? |
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) messenger RNA (mRNA) |
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What biomolecules are ribosomes made of? |
Proteins and rRNA |
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Considering that all cells contain the same DNA, what determines what type of a cell a cell will be? |
The number of genes of a certain program determines the type of cell. |
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What is electronegativity? |
EN is the propensity of a molecule to "steal" electrons and nitrogen and oxygen are the most EN |
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Polar covalent bonds result in _________. |
the unequal sharing of electrons and are slightly + and slightly -. |
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Hydrogen bonds are _________. |
weak and temporary attraction between polar molecules |
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How do proteins get tangled? |
opposites attract, therefore hydrophobic pieces go towards the center and hydrophilic pieces go towards the outside towards water |
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What makes nucleotides different? |
The base (A,C,G,T, or U) |
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The two strands of DNA run _________. |
Anti-parallel. One end starts with 3' and the other starts with 5' |
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What is Uracil bad at preserving information? |
It doesn't solely pair to Adenine and sometimes pairs to guanine, so it's unreliable. It is also delicate and falls apart easily |
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What is a hormone? |
It is a messenger molecule created in one part of the body that is used in a different part. |
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Where is insulin produced? Where is it used? What does it do? |
The pancreas Liver & muscles Tells liver to turn glucose in glycogen |
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Where is glucagon produced? Where is it used? |
Pancreas Liver ONLY Tells liver to convert glycogen into glucose. |
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Adrenaline is a _____________. What does it do? |
Neuotransmitter that travels through the blood to muscle. It signals muscle to turn glycogen to glucose. |
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Triglycerides consist of __________. |
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol. |
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Whats the difference between fats and oils? |
Fats are saturated, oils are unsaturated. |
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Which stores more energy: lipids or carbs? Which is easier to access? |
Lipids have twice as many H-C bonds, therefore have more energy. However, because lipids are insuble in water, they are harder to break down than carbs. |
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How do you make a trans fat? |
Trans fats are made in a laboratory by adding an H molecule to an unsaturated lipid. They are UNHEALTHY. |
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Phospholipids consist of ___________. |
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. |
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What important feature do phospholipids make? |
phospholipid bilayer |
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You can identify cholesterol by its ________. |
Four rings |
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What four things does cholesterol make? |
Vitamin D, sex steroids, corticosteroids, bile |
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What does HDL stand for? What does it do? |
High density lipoprotein. Moves lipids to the liver. |
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What does LDL stand for? What does it do? |
Low density lipoprotein. Moves lipids away from liver. |
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Define a Dependent variable. |
A dependent variable is one that is observed and measured. |
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Define Independent Variable |
An independent variable is the variable that is intentionally changed. |
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Define confounding variable. |
A confounding variable is a variable that could effect the outcome of the experiment. It is not controlled. |
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Define controlled variable. |
Controlled variables are factors that could effect the outcome of the experiment that are controlled. |
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How does a proton pump inhibitor work? |
A proton pump inhibitor stops allowed H+ into the stomach which lowers the amount of acid.
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DNA replication uses which three products? |
Helicase, DNA polymerase, and Ligase |
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What does helicase do? |
Helicase seperates the two strands of DNA. |
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What does DNA polymerase do? |
DNA polymerase creates the complementary strand of DNA |
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What does ligase do? |
Ligase fuses the copy strands together. |
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Mitosis is a type of _____________ reproduction. |
asexual |
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DNA is replicated in sections called ____________. |
Replication bubbles |
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How does transcription happen? |
Transcription use RNA polymerase to create mRNA complementary to the DNA strand. |
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How does translation happen? |
Translation happens when the ribosome decodes the mRNA and connects the corresponding amino acids to become proteins. |
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Which occurs first: translation or transcription? |
Transcription |
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What type of RNA decodes the mRNA? |
tRNA |
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How many letters at a time does the ribosome read? |
3 |
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Meiosis is a type of ___________ reproduction. |
sexual |
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Meiosis results in a __________ cell. |
Haploid |
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Mitosis results in a ___________ cell. |
Diploid |
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A single strand of DNA is held together by what type of bond? |
Covalent |
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The two strands of DNA are held together by what type of bond? |
Hydrogen |
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Somatic cells are what type of cells? |
diploid |
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Germ cells (AKA gametes) are what type of cells? |
haploid |
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Darwins theory is also called the __________ theory. |
germ |
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Why is water liquid? |
Water is liquid because the bonds move and connect to one another because they are polar and opposites attract. nonpolar molecules have no attraction and can't connect. |
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Monosaccharides are good for what type of energy? |
Short term energy |
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glucose + fructose = ? |
sucrose |
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glucose + galactose = ? |
lactose |
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Insoluble fibers cannot be _______. |
Digested; enzymes cannot break them down. |
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Proteins are useful for what two functions? |
Transportation and Structural |
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Why is it advantageous to make proteins from mRNA? |
It is advantageous because you can make multiple copies at once |
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mRNA contains: |
Instructions on making proteins. |
