Bio 1

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Biology-

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is the scientific study of life

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emergentproperties

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•a characteristic of a system thatdoes not appear in any of its component parts•Interacting components create new,complex functions•Not evident in individual parts•Explains structure/function relationship

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Atoms

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•Fundamental building blocks of allsubstances>T

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Molecules

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•Consisting of two or more atoms

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Cell

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•The smallest unit of life

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Tissue>

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•Specializedcells organized to perform a collective function

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Organ

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•Structuralunit of interacting tissues.

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•Organ system-

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•A setof interacting organs

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•Organism

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•An individual consisting of one or morecells

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Population

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•Individuals of the same species in thesame area

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Community

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•Populations of all species in the samearea

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Ecosystem

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•A community and its environment

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•Biosphere

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•All regions of the Earth where organismslive

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Energy

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•The capacity to do work•Not cycled; flows through the worldof life in one direction

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Nutrients

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•Atoms or molecules essential ingrowth and survival that an organism cannot make for itself•Cycled between organisms and theenvironment

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•Producers/autotrophs

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•Acquire energy and raw materials from theenvironment•Make their own food (photosynthesis)

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•Consumers/heterotrophs

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•Cannot make their own food•Get energy by eating producers and otherorganismstD

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Homeostasis

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-setof processes by which an organism keepsits internal conditions within tolerable ranges

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Development

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•Multistepprocess by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult

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Growth

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•Inmulticelled species, an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells

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Reproduction

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includesvarious processes by which individuals produce offspring

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•Prokaryote/prokaryoticcelll

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•No membrane bound organelles•-Genetic material found in thenucleoid region

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•Eukaryote/eukaryoticcelll

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•-Membrane bound organelles•-Genetic material in a nucleus-asac with 2 membranes that encloses and protects DNA

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Domain `

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is the largest taxonomic category

are Bacteria, Archaea,Eukarya"

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Eukarya -->

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•– all eukaryotic cells have nuclei(houses DNA) and many but not all eukaryotes are multicellulart-->-->

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Bacteria and archaeasuperficially similar

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•single celled with DNA free in cell (notin a nucleus)

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Bacteria

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•Themost diverse and well-known group of single-celled organisms that lack anucleus-->

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Archaea

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•Single-celled organisms that lack anucleus but are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria-->

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Eukaryotes

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•are organisms whose DNA iscontained within a nucleus>-->

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multicelled

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Some eukaryotes live as individual cells;others are

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Protistsint_html[]

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•are thesimplest eukaryotesl[]

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Fungi

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•aremulticelled eukaryotes such as mushrooms••Manyare decomposers••Allare consumers that secrete substances that break down food outside of the bodyand absorb the released nutrients

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Plants

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•are multicelledeukaryotes that live on land or in freshwater environments••Most are photosynthetic producers••Plants and other photosynthesizersalso serve as food for most of the other organisms in the biosphere

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Animals

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•Multicelledconsumers that ingest tissues or juices of other organisms•Herbivoresgraze; carnivores eat meat; scavengers eat remains of other organisms;parasites withdraw nutrients from the tissues of a host•Developthrough stages that lead to the adult form•Activelymove about during at least part of their lives

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species

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Each type of organism

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Taxonomy

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•is the science of naming andclassifying species

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genushint_html[]

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•a group of species that share aunique set of features

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•specificepithetv

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The second part is the

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taxon(taxa, plural)

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• isa group of organisms that share a unique set of features

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traits

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•vary a little within a species••There can be tremendous differencesbetween species; such species look very different, so it is easy to tell themapart••Species that share a more recentancestor may be harder to tell apart

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Whatis Science?

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•is anobjective, logical, and repeatable attempt to understand the principles andforces operating in the natural universe.

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Criticalthinking

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•is thedeliberate process of judging the quality of information before accepting iti

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Science

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•is the systematic study of theobservable world and how it worksm

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Experiments

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•are tests designed to support orfalsify a predictionm

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variable

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Researchers investigate cause-and-effectrelationships by changing or observing

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independentvariable

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•is defined or controlled by theperson doing the experimentml>m

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dependentvariable

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•is an observed result that issupposed to be influenced by the independent variable

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experimentalgroup

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•as compared with a control group,and sometimes on models

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•scientificmethod

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Making, testing, and evaluatinghypotheses is called the

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Samplingerror

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•a differencebetween results from a subset and results from the whole

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•Probability

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•Themeasure, expressed as a percentage, of the chance that a particular outcomewill occur•Dependson the total number of possible outcomes

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Statisticallysignificant

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•refers to a result that isstatistically unlikely to have occurred by chance

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variability

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•Variation in a set of data is oftenshown as error bars on a graph••Error bars may indicate variationaround an average for one sample set, or the difference between two sample sets

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scientifictheory +?

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•is a long-standing hypothesis thathas not been disproved after many years of rigorous testing1

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law ofnature

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•describes a phenomenon that hasbeen observed to occur consistently, but for which we do not have a completescientific explanation