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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pollen cone |
male gametophyte stage of gymnosperm. contains pollen grains which will later split their nucleus to form 2 sperm. |
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Seed cone |
Female gametophyte stage of gymnosperm. much larger than pollen cones. Near the base of each scale are two ovules. within the scales MEIOSIS produces female gametophytes that await pollination. |
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How long does the gymnosperm life cycle take? |
2 years |
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describe the process of pollination in gymnosperms |
pollen cones release pollen grains into the wind which gets caught in a sticky secretion in the seed cone's scales. Once attached the pollen grain will break open and form a pollen tube, a structure that contains 2 haploid sperm and grows into the egg cell. once a sperm reaches the egg the other will disintegrate. |
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What are the 4 specialized leaves in flowers? |
sepals petals stamens carpels |
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What are sepals? |
the sepals encase the bud before it opens and protect the flower while it is developing |
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what are petals |
The petals are brightly colored leaves that are used to attract insects. |
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What is a stamen |
The male part of the flower that produces gametophytes. Consists of the anther and filament |
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What is the filament |
a long thins stalk that support the anther |
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What is an anther |
an oval sac where meiosis takes place, producing male gametophytes (pollen grains) |
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What is the carpel and what 3 parts does it consist of? |
The carpels produce the female gametophytes. contains an ovary, a style, and a stigma. |
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What is an ovary |
The broad base of the flower, which contains 1 or more ovules where female gametophytes are produced. |
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What is a style? |
The stalk connecting the ovary and the stigma. |
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what is a stigma |
the part of the stamen where the pollen grains land. The pollen grains will form a pollen tube from the stigma, through the style down into the ovary where double fertilization occurs. |
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How does the ovary develop its ovules? |
a diploid cell undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells. Three disintegrate, forming 1 haploid cell. The remaining haploid cell divides by mitosis to form 8 haploid cells. These 8 nuclei and the surrounding membrane is called the embryo sac. The embryo sac is contained in an ovule. One of the cells becomes fertilized, while the rest occupy different roles to form the seed. |
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How are gymnosperms pollinated and how are angiosperms pollinated? |
gymnosperms are pollinated by wind, and most angiosperms are pollinated by animals. |
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What is an endosperm |
The triploid cell formed in the embryo sac by double fertilization. used to nourish the seed as it grows. |
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What is double fertilization |
the process in which 2 sperm enter the embryo sac. one sperm will fuse with an egg nucleus to form a zygote, and the other sperm will fuse with 2 polar nuclei to form a triploid (3N) endosperm |
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What happens once an angiosperm seed is fertilized? |
The ovary walls thicken to form a fruit that encloses the developing seed. |
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What is a fruit |
A ripened ovary containing angiosperm seeds. |
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what is germination |
The early growth stage of a seed when it exits its dormancy. |
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what is a cotyledon |
The leaf first emerging from the germinated angiosperm seed |
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What is Vegetative reproduction? |
the production of new plants from horizontal stems, from plantlets and from underground roots. It is a method of asexual reproduction |
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What are stolons? |
Trailing stems that become roots when they come in contact with soil. The stolon may break and the roots for a plant independent of the parent plant |
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what are scions and stalks?
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A scion is a piece of a plant cut for grafting, and a stalk is the new plant where the plant is cut to graft to. |
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what is a perennial |
A flowering plant that lives longer than 2 years |
