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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many membranes does the mitochondria have?
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Two
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Organisms are classified based on how they obtain energy, what are the two and what does each mean?
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Autotrophs- are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis
Heterotrophs- live on organic compounds produced by other organisms |
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A human is what kind of organism based on how it obtains energy?
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Heterotroph
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A plant is what kind of organism based on how it obtains energy?
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Autotroph
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What is an autotroph?
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An organism that is able to produce it's own organic molecules through photosynthesis
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What is a heterotroph?
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An organism that lives on organic compounds produced by other organisms
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Transforming glucose to ATP is what?
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Cellular resipration
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When and where does cellular respiration occur?
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In all tissues at all times
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Cellular respiration takes ____ and ____ and turns it into it into ___, ___, and ___.
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glucose and oxygen and turns it into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H1206 + 602 --> 6C02 + 6H2O + 38ATP
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenosine-tri-phosphate
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What is ATP?
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The main source of energy for cellular work
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What happens when a phosphate group is removed?
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ATP releases energy
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When does ADP get turned back into ATP during cellular respiration?
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Chemiosmosis
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e- and H+ are transformed from ___ to ____ through a series of oxidations?
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glucose to oxygen
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In cellular respiration ____ energy e- in sugars go to ____ energy e- in ____ and ____.
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High, low
CO2 and H2O |
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Because oxygen is so electronegative it attracts ____ and is a strong ____.
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electrons, oxidizer
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What is a redox reaction?
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When one reactant is oxidized and the other reactant is reduced.
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What happens to the electron(s) when one reactant is oxidized?
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The electrons are lost
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What happens to the electron(s) when one reactant is reduced?
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The electron is gained
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A reduced compound is ____.
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Oxidized
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An oxidized compound is _____.
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Reduced
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Na + Cl --> Na+ + Cl-
What happened to Na electron in the above equation? Was is reduced or oxidized? Was it a reductant or oxidizer? |
It lost an electron
It was oxidized It is a reductant |
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Na + Cl --> Na+ + Cl-
What happened to Cl electron in the above equation? Was is reduced or oxidized? Was it a reductant or oxidizer? |
It gained an electron
It was reduced It is an oxidizer |
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What is NAD+ used for?
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To move electrons in cellular respiration
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What does NAD+ accept to become NADH?
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2 electrons and 1 proton
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What molecule is an electron carrier?
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NAD+
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How many kcals are there per mol of glucose?
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686kcal
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How many kcal of energy do we harness out of 686, and what is formula to find it?
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38 x 7.3kcal = 277.4
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If we only harnes 277.4 kcal out of 686 where does the rest of it go.
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Heat
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What are the five stages of the oxidation of glucose (cellular respiration)?
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Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis |
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Outside the mitochondria
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What is glycolysis?
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Break down of the C6 sugar glucose, into 2 C3 sugars called pyruvate.
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Is glycolysis catabolism or anabolism?
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Catabolism
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What are C3 sugars are called?
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Pyruvate
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What type of sugars are pyruvate and how many are produced during glycolysis?
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2 C3 sugars
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Glycolysis turns glucose into what?
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2 pyruvate and 2 H2O
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How many ATP does glycolysis use?
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2 ATP
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Glycolysis gives ____ ATP and ____ NADH?
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4, 2
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Glycolysis gives 4 ____ and 2 ____?
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ATP, NADH
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How many ATP and NADH does glycolysis net?
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2 and 2
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What is pyruvate converted into?
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Acetyl CoA
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When pyruvate is converted into Actyl CoA what is given off?
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CO2
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Where does Acetyl CoA come from?
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Pyruvate was converted into it
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Where does pyruvate enter the mitochondria?
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Through a transport protein
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When pyruvate is converted into Actyl CoA what is produced?
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NADH
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What goes into the Krebs cycle?
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Acetyl CoA
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What comes out of the Krebs cycle?
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2 CO2
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What is produced in the Krebs cycle?
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3 NADH
1 ATP 1 FADH |
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Is the Krebs cycle catabolic or anabolic?
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Catabolic
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During cellular respiration, where does the NADH and FADH give their electrons?
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The Electron Transport Chain
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What happens to the electrons as they go through the electron transport chain?
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They lose energy as they go
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Because protons are being pumped out of the inner mitochondrial membrane what is created? What step is this in cellular respiration?
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A proton gradient
Step 4 - Electron Transport Chain |
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How many protons are pumped out for each NADH?
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3
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How many protons are pumped out for each FADH?
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2
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3 protons are pumped out for each ____.
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NADH
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2 protons are pumped out for each ____.
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FADH
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What is chemiosmosis also known as?
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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What is oxidative phosphorylation also known as?
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Chemiosmosis
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Where do the protons pass back through the membrane?
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The ATP synthase protein
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ADP + P =
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ATP
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What is the grand total ATP produced during cellular respiration per glucose?
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38 ATP
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How much ATP is theoretically produced for bacteria?
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38 ATP
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How much ATP is theoretically produced for eukaryotes?
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36 ATP
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What is the actual ATP produced for eukaryotes and why?
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30 ATP, because the proton gradient is used for other purposes than just ATP synthesis
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Anearobic respiration uses what?
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Inorganic molecules as final electron acceptor
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Fermentation uses what?
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Organic molecules as final electron acceptor
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Inorganic molecules are used as a final electron acceptor in what?
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Anaerobic respiration
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Organic molecules are used as a final electron acceptor in what?
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Fermentation
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Respiration without O2 occurs with either ____ or ____.
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Anaerobic respiration or Fermentation
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What does fermentation in plant and animal cells produce?
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Ethanol in plants
Lactic Acid in animals |
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What is the term for being able to switch over to fermentation if O2 is not available?
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Faculative anaerobic
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What does it mean if an organism is faculative anaerobic?
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They are able to switch to fermentation if O2 is not available
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What steps are not used during fermentation?
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Pyruvate Oxidation
Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis |
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What is the only step used during fermentation?
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Glycolysis
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