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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abiogenesis |
Never observed theoretical process by which life forms arise from non-living matter |
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Biogenesis |
Development of organisms from other living organisms |
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Cells |
Smallest functional unit of life |
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Cell theory |
Rules outlined for cells |
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Simple Microscopes |
Used only one lens |
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Compound microscope |
Two or more lenses placed on top of one another and have visible light to be able to see the organisms |
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Bases |
Subunits of DNA; Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine |
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Gene sequencing |
Mapping the order of the genes bases |
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Virus |
Non-cellular structure made up of genetic material enclosed in a protein coat |
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Prion |
A protein that converts from its normal form to a harmful particle |
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Cell Culture |
Isolated cells are placed in test tubes and supplied with nutrients and allowed to reproduce |
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Cell Lines |
Generations of cells that are derived from one cell |
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Stem cells |
A special multipurpose cell that divides to produce other types of specialized cells |
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Organelles |
A specialized usually membrane bound part of a cell with a specific function |
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What are 5 things all living organisms do? |
▪Produce waste ▪Need energy ▪Grow ▪Reproduce ▪Respond and adapt to their environment •evolve |
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Francesco Redi Experiment |
He used two jars and put meat in both jars. He sealed one of the jars with cloth and left it for about two days. When he checked the jars he discovered that the open jar had flies in it while the closed jar didn't |
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Francesco Redi Conclusion |
He discovered that living organisms don't arise from non living matter |
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Louis Pasteur Hypothesis |
He thought that the 'active principle' in the air was also an organism |
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Louis Pasteur experiment |
He designed two flasks and put broth in them. The broth was boiled to force out air and kill any micro organisms. When the flask cooled, fresh air was put in and moisture condensed in the neck of the flask. The broth was boiled and no organisms were detected however when the broth was tilted towards the neck where the air had condensed, organisms were found. |
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Robert Hooke Observations |
He observed cork from an oak tree under a microscope and noticed empty boxes. He called them cells, however he didn't know he was looking at dead cells |
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Antony Van Leeuwanhoek Microscopes |
AVL liked making Microscopes. He made a single lense with magnification of 50× |
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Antony Van Leeuwanhoek Observations |
He studied blood cells, pond organisms and matter scraped from his teeth. He saw single called organisms and he called it an animacule |
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Matthias Schleiden |
He studied plant cells and noticed that all cells were made of nuclei. |
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Theodor Schwann |
He studied animal cells that were different from plant cells but had many similarities. He concluded that all organisms are made of cells |
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Rodolf Virchow |
He showed in experiments that bone cells could develop from cartilage cells. Cells divide to produce more cells. |
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Cell Theory |
1) All organisms are made of one or more cells 2) Cells are the smallest functioning unit of life 3)Cells are produced from the division of other cells |
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Prokaryote |
Bacteria, and other organisms that don't contain a nucleus and don't proofread DNA |
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Eukaryote |
Animals, and things that protect and proofread DNA |
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Aptosis |
If a eukaryotic cell reads an error in DNA it calls for a programmed cell suicide |
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Septic cell Death |
The death of cells by explosion from things like cuts or bruises |
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Who made the first compound microscope |
Zacharias Janssen |
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Electron microscope |
Specimens are illuminated with a beam of electrons |
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What is a photo from an electron microscope |
Electron micrograph |
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Transmission Electron Microscope |
A beam of electrons go through a specimen to make a 2D image. 100000× |
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Scanning electron microscope |
Sweeps a beam of electrons over an object to make a 3D image. 300000× |
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Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope |
Focuses on thick specimens. A laser is directed from one end to to other. It makes 2D images which can be stitched together to make a 3D image |
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Scanning Tunnelling microscope |
It can show clear pictures of DNA. A fine probe is brought near the specimen and electrons flow through creating a 3D image. |
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What do Genes do |
They are long molecules of DNA that direct cell activities |
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What does DNA stand for |
Deoxyribo nucleic acid |
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Where is DNA found? |
The nucleus |
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What causes disease |
Deformities or mutations in DNA |
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Is the order of bases the same in each gene? |
No, it's different |
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What causes cancer? |
Mutations In genes |
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What is special about cancer cells? |
They divide and grow uncontrollably and don't die |
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What is p51 |
The protein that instructs cells when to stop growing and replicating |
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Gene Activation |
When certain cells are needed they are told to reproduce |
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What does a virus do? |
When a virus infects a cell, it takes over the cell's reproductive machinery and causes the cell to produce more viruses |
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What have we found about cancer cells versus normal cells through cell culture? |
Cancer cells can live even outside the body while somatic cells can only live for a limited time outside the body |
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Where are stem cells found? |
In a one week old embryo, and in adults in the nine marrow |
