Billy - Anatomy & Physiology - Tissues Handout

Front 1

what is histology?

Back 1

-the study of tissues

Front 2

what is a tissue?

Back 2

-a group of cells which have become specialized to perform one to several functions

Front 3

what is embryonic tissue?

Back 3

-tissue formed during the early embryonic period; these layers of tissue give rise to adult tissue

-3 types: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Front 4

what is ectoderm?

Back 4

-embryonic tissue that gives rise to the nervous system and skin
-epithelium

Front 5

what is mesoderm?

Back 5

-embryonic tissue that gives rise to muscle and bone
-mesothelium

Front 6

what is endoderm?

Back 6

-embryonic tissue that gives rise to digestive, respiratory, reproductive & urinary systems
-endothelium

Front 7

what are the 4 tissue groups?

Back 7

-epithelium
-connective
-muscle
-nervous

Front 8

what are epithelial tissue functions?

Back 8

-Protection; covers all exposed surfaces, lines all cavities & hollow organs
-Secretion; forms glands & ducts of glands
-Transport; diffusion, filtration, osmosis and absorption all take place through epithelial tissue

Front 9

what are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Back 9

-1 free surface (apical) and 1 attached surface (basal)
-attached to non living basement membrane on the basal side
-tightly packed cells that form rows
-No blood vessels or extracellular matrix
-nerve endings; mostly touch receptors

Front 10

what is the basement membrane?

Back 10

-acts as a glue to connect epithelial tissue to connective tissue
-secreted by epithelium & underlying connective tissue

Front 11

how is epithelial tissue classified?

Back 11

-based on the cell layers and the types of cell present

Front 12

what are the 2 types of epithelial tissue layers?

Back 12

-Simple; one layer of cells attached to a basement membrane
-Stratified; many layers of cells, the bottom layer attached to a basement membrane, the name is based on the type of cells in the topmost layer

Front 13

what are the 3 types of epithelial cells?

Back 13

-Squamous; thin flat cells, so flat that the nucleus may create a bulge; like a floor tile
-Cuboidal; cubelike cells
-Columnar; tall, rectangular cells with large oval nucleus near the basal surface

Front 14

simple squamous epithelium

Back 14

-one layer of squamous cells; very thin and transparent (appears shiny, like the inside of a mouth)
-present on organ exteriors
-adapted for osmosis, filtration & diffusion
-forms Serous membranes that cover organs in closed cavities and line the cavities
-found in alveoli or the lungs for gas diffusion
-found in the lining of blood vessels as endothelium for nutrient, waste & gas diffusion

Front 15

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 15

-one layer of cuboidal cells
-forms ducts of glands, tubules of kidneys & follicles of glands
-adapted for absorption and secretion
-found in thyroid gland secreting thyroxine
-found in the sebaceous glands secreting sebum, used to lubricate skin
-found in kidney tubules for the reabsorption of glucose, ions, and water (this is the only spot it is used for absoprtion)

Front 16

simple columnar epithelium

Back 16

-one layer of columnar cells
-has cell modifications to aid function: goblet cells, cilia, microvilli
-used for secretion of mucous & enzymes
-forms mucous membranes lining cavities open to the exterior of body
-digestive system lining

Front 17

what are goblet cells?

Back 17

-cells found in between columnar cells
-secret mucous

Front 18

what is cilia?

Back 18

-found of top of cells
-used to move debris along mucociliatory escalator; debris sticks to mucous and is moved away by cilia

Front 19

what are microvilli?

Back 19

-highly folded plasma membrane increases surfaces for absorption (such as in small intestine)
-more folds = more material in a small space

Front 20

what is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (PSCCEwGC)?

Back 20

-one layer of columnar cells with irregular sizes, appearing stratified
-always has goblet cells and cilia
-creates mucociliatory escalator
-found lining trachea and bronchi; secretes mucous to trap dirt/dust/bacteria and prevent respiratory infections

Front 21

what is stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 21

-multilayered tissue with bottom layer connected basement membrane
-used for secretion & protection
-2 types: keratinized and non keratinized
-only uppermost layer of cells are squamous

Front 22

what is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 22

-stratified squamous epithelium with heavy deposits of waxy keratin protein
-waterproof, abrasion resistant
-forms skin

Front 23

what is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 23

-no keratin protein
-usually moist, withstands abrasion
-lines mouth, anus and vagina for lubrication & protection (reduces friction damage)

Front 24

what is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Back 24

-very rare tissue
-uppermost cells are cuboidal, lower cells are columnar
-used for protection & secretion
-found in conjunctiva or eye and the ducts of apocrine sweat glands

Front 25

what is stratified columnar epithelium?

Back 25

-rare tissue
-used for protection & secretion
-found lining the pharynx (the tube running from the nose to the esophagus) and the epiglottis (elastic covering at back of throat; covers trachea when swallowing)

Front 26

what is trasitional epithelium?

Back 26

-uppermost cells are cuboidal with puffy, rounded looking tops
-adapted for stretching; cells appear squamous when stretched out
-lines organs that stretch; the bladder and the ureters

Front 27

what is the function of connective tissue?

Back 27

-STRUCTURAL tissue
-support, protection, energy storage, fight infection, carry oxygen

Front 28

what are the characteristics of connective tissue?

Back 28

-scattered cells, that are NOT touching
-non living, extracellular matrix, secreted by cells
-many fibers
-highly vascular (except cartilage, tendons & ligaments)
-has nerves

Front 29

what is mesenchyme?

Back 29

-embryonic tissue that all connective tissue develops from
-also present in adult; serving to replenish supply of other types of connective tissue

Front 30

what are the connective tissue cells?

Back 30

-fibroblasts
-adipocytes
-macrophages
-plasma cells
-mast cells
-osteocytes
-chondrocytes
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-thrombocytes

Front 31

what is a fibroblast?

Back 31

-the basic fundamental connective tissue cell
-star shaped
-secretes fibers
-essential for wound healing

Front 32

what is an adipocyte?

Back 32

-a cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat

Front 33

what is a macrophage?

Back 33

-a white blood cell
-resident tissue phagocyte; active in the inflammatory reaction

Front 34

what is a plasma cell?

Back 34

-a white blood cells
-specialized to secrete antibodies which fight infection

Front 35

what are mast cells?

Back 35

-white blood cells
-derived from basophil; a white blood cell which secretes heparin & histamine which promote inflammation

Front 36

what are osteocytes?

Back 36

-mature bone cells

Front 37

what are chondrocytes?

Back 37

-cartilage cells

Front 38

what are erythrocytes?

Back 38

-red blood cells

Front 39

what are leukocytes?

Back 39

-white blood cells

Front 40

what are thrombocytes?

Back 40

-platelets

Front 41

what is the extracellular matrix?

Back 41

-the nonliving material present in connective tissue that is secreted by living cells
-can be hard (bone), liquid (plasma/blood), or gel (hard or soft made of glycosaminoglycans GAG's)

Front 42

what are glycosaminoglycans?

Back 42

-polysaccharides with amino acids (chondroitin sulfate & hyaluronic acid)
-these substances also serve as cell glue that anchors connective tissue to epithelial tissue

Front 43

what are the connective tissue fibers?

Back 43

-collagen
-elastic
-reticular

Front 44

what are reticular fibers?

Back 44

-very fine fibers arranged in networks

Front 45

what are collagen fibers?

Back 45

-fibers composed of collagen protein
-very tough and strong; provide strength
-deposited in parallel bundles

Front 46

what are elastic fibers?

Back 46

-fibers composed to elastin protein; can undergo shape changes
-wavy & interlaced
-form networks
-provide elasticity

Front 47

what are the embryonic connective tissues?

Back 47

-mesenchyme; cell type that gives rise to all connective tissues
-mucous; also called whartons jelly, found in umbilical cord & under skin, gone after the 1st month of life

Front 48

what are the 3 types of adult connective tissues?

Back 48

-cartilages: hyaline, elastic & fibrocartilage
-loose connective tissue: adipose, areolar & reticular
-dense connective tissue: dense white fibrous, elastic, dense irregular

Front 49

what is the structure of hyaline cartilage?

Back 49

-pearly (bluish white) in color
-clear, firm gel matrix (swiss cheese background)
-no noticeable fibers
-lacunae present (holes in gel matrix containing chondrocytes)
-perichondrium: tough protective fibrous membrane covering cartilage

Front 50

what are the 2 types of hyaline cartilage growth?

Back 50

-appositional: surface growth, usually due to an injury, chondroblasts in perichondrium secrete matrix on surface and become trapped (now known as chondrocytes)
-interstitial: chondrocytes in lacunae deposit more gel onto walls of the lacuna

Front 51

where is hyaline cartilage located?

Back 51

-ribs, trachea, larynx, nose, articular cartilage(found at the ends of long bones)
-most of the fetal skeleton is made of hyaline cartilage

Front 52

elastic cartilage structure

Back 52

-like hyaline cartilage, but stretchier
-clear firm gel matrix -chondroblasts form tissue -elastic fibers increase flexibility

Front 53

elastic cartilage location

Back 53

-epiglottis, pinna (the part of the ear that gets pierced), auditory tube (eustacian; regulates ear pressure), the larynx

Front 54

fibrocartilage structure

Back 54

-like hyaline, but LOTS of collagen, making it very strong
-clear firm gel matrix (swiss cheese with celerty)
-collagen fibers increase strength, making fibrocartilage able to withstand extremely heavy compression

Front 55

fibrocartilage location

Back 55

-intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, semilunar discs or knee

Front 56

what are loose connective tissues proper?

Back 56

-areolar
-adipose
-reticular

Front 57

what is areolar tissue?

Back 57

-the body's "packing material"
-soft gel matrix, like jell-o in texture
-reticular, elastic and collagen fibers
-all CT cells, but blood and bone cells; essential in wound repair
-found in hypoderms & subcutaneous superficila fascia

Front 58

what is reticular connective tissue?

Back 58

-mostly made of fibers, not found in large amounts
-soft gel matrix
-reticular fibers in dense networks
-fibroblasts secrete matrix and fibers
-support tissue for soft organs
-forms stroma (internal framework) or soft organs such as the spleen, liver, pancreas and lymph nodes

Front 59

what is adipose tissue?

Back 59

-fat tissue
-has NO matrix and NO visible fibers
-major tissue responding to insulin signal to store excess glucose
-adipose cells dont divide; the number of cells stays constant but existing cells get bigger which leads to weight gain
-used to cushion and protect; provide insulation and energy storage
-found in hypodermis, packing around kidney, packing behind the eye and other organs

Front 60

what are the dense connective tissues?

Back 60

-dense irregular connective tissue
-dense regular connective tissue (white fibrous)
-elastic connective tissue

Front 61

what is dense irregular connective tissue?

Back 61

-like areolar tissue, but more fibers making it tougher
-soft gel matrix
-used to provide strength
-found in dermis of skin

Front 62

what is dense regular connective tissue (white fibrous)?

Back 62

-tissue providing strength
-soft gel matrix
-parallel bundles or collagen
-found in deep fascia(the wrappings of nerves and muscles) tendons, ligaments, outer layer of eyeball, joint capsules

Front 63

what is elastic connective tissue?

Back 63

-soft gel matrix
-elastic fibers are all disorganized
-found in arteries, veins, vocal cords

Front 64

what are the 2 special connective tissues?

Back 64

-bone
-blood

Front 65

what is retroperitoneal?

Back 65

-organs suspended between the body wall and the parietal peritoneum
-kidneys and pancreas