Billy - Anatomy & Physiology - Bone & Integumentary Lab

Front 1

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

Back 1

-to prevent dehydration
-to protect from injury
-defense against microorganisms
-regulate body temperature
-make vitamin D
-sensation

Front 2

what is the structure of the integumentary system?

Back 2

-epidermis
-dermis
-hypodermis

Front 3

epidermis

Back 3

-the outermost layer of the integumentary system
-made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells
-no blood vessels
-contains specialized keratinocytes and melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans' cells

Front 4

dermis

Back 4

-deep to the epidermis
-made up of support tissues, fibers and papillae

Front 5

hypodermis

Back 5

-adipose and areolar tissue below the dermis
-not part of the skin

Front 6

what are the epidermal layers?

Back 6

-stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidium
-stratum corneum

Front 7

what is the stratum basale?

Back 7

-the deepest layer of the epidermis
-contains dividing cuboidal cells and melatonin containing cells

Front 8

what is the stratum spinosum?

Back 8

-made up of polyhedral cells and pre-keratin filaments
-only some cell division

Front 9

what is the stratum granulosum?

Back 9

-darkly staining, dying cells

Front 10

what is the stratum lucidium?

Back 10

-dead cells; contain no nuclei
-transparent layer
-found only in "thick" skin; the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

Front 11

what is the stratum corneum?

Back 11

-the uppermost layer of the epidermis
-made of stratified squamous cells
-keratin containing, dead cells
-constantly shed

Front 12

what are the dermal layers?

Back 12

-the papillary layer
-the reticular layer

Front 13

what is the papillary layer?

Back 13

-the upper layer of the dermis
-composed of areolar tissue
-attached to the stratum basale of the epidermis
-contains capillaries, free nerve endings, and meissner's corpuscles
-tough connective tissue with lots of collagen and elastic making it strong and stretchy

Front 14

what is the reticular layer?

Back 14

-thick, deeper dermal layer
-mostly collagen and elastic fibers
-other accessories also present

Front 15

what are the accessory structures of the dermal layer?

Back 15

-nails
-hair
-smooth muscle
-oil/sebaceous glands
-sweat glands
-blood vessels
-sensory nerve endings

Front 16

hair

Back 16

-follicle formed of stratum basale
-bulb, root, and shaft

Front 17

smooth muscle in the dermis

Back 17

-arector pilli muscle
-attached to hair follicle, raises hair to upright position

Front 18

sebaceous glands

Back 18

-found near hair follicles
-secretions moisten and soften skin

Front 19

sweat glands

Back 19

-secret sweat, help in temperature regulation
-formed from stratum basale

Front 20

eccrine gland

Back 20

-smaller sweat gland
-secretes water and salt ions
-found all over body

Front 21

apocrine gland

Back 21

-larger in size
-secretes fatty and proteinous substances, rich in nutrients
-found in armpits and groin

Front 22

blood vessels in dermal layer

Back 22

-supply nutrients
-remove waste
-assist in temperature regulation

Front 23

sensory nerve endings

Back 23

-sense heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration

Front 24

skeletal system functions

Back 24

-protection; encases most body organs
-support; allows body positions
-movement; muscles attach to bones for movement
-mineral reservoir; calcium and phosphorous deposits
-hemopoiesis; production of red blood cells and platelets in red bone marrow
-energy storage; in yellow bone marrow (adiopose tissue)

Front 25

bone

Back 25

-hard inorganic matrix of calcium salts
-osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Front 26

bone classifications

Back 26

-compact
-spongy
-long
-short
-flat
-irregular

Front 27

compact bone

Back 27

-dense, solid bone
-forms shafts and ends
-contains marrow space

Front 28

spongy bone

Back 28

-softer and lighter bone
-trabeculae, ends and cranial bones, red marrow

Front 29

long bones

Back 29

-bones that are longer than they are wide
-consist of a diaphysis and epiphysis
-tibia/fibia, femur, digital bones

Front 30

short bones

Back 30

-bones that are wider than they are short
-carpals and tarsals

Front 31

flat bones

Back 31

-bones that are thin and flat
-cranial bones

Front 32

irregular bones

Back 32

-bones that are different from all the other bones
-pelvic bones

Front 33

diaphysis

Back 33

-tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
-composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity

Front 34

medullary cavity

Back 34

-cavity contained in the center of long bones
-contains yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)

Front 35

epiphysis

Back 35

-expanded ends of long bones
-exterior is compact bone, interior is spongy bone
-joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
-site of hemopoiesis
-diaphysis separated by epiphyseal line

Front 36

structure of compact bone

Back 36

-haversian system (osteon)
-osteocytes
-lacunae
-canaliculi

Front 37

haversian system (osteon)

Back 37

-structural unit of compact bone
-lamella, a ring of bone deposited by row of osteoblasts
-haversian canal, central canal containig blood vessels and nerves

Front 38

osteocytes

Back 38

mature bone cells

Front 39

lacunae

Back 39

small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes

Front 40

canaliculi

Back 40

harilike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Front 41

skeletal cartilage

Back 41

-elastic
-fibrocartilage
-hyaline

Front 42

elastic cartilage

Back 42

-very flexible due elastic fibers
-found external ear and epiglottis

Front 43

fibrocartilage

Back 43

-tensil strength to withstand heavy compression
-rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of collagen fibers
-found in intervertebral discs

Front 44

hyaline cartilage

Back 44

-forms most skeletal cartilage
-sturdy support
-has only collagen fibers