Bill Of Rights- Court Cases

Front 1

Engle v. Vitale

Back 1

Amendment: 1st
Case: Government had created a non-denominational prayer to be said w/in schools; students could choose not to participate.
Ruling: The prayer was unconstitutional b/c it violated the Establishment Clause

Front 2

Everson v. Board of Education of New Jersey

Back 2

Amendment: 1st
Case: Parents were being reimbursed for the tuition to send their children to private, religious schools.
Ruling: Okay, because it is provided to everyone and does not support only one religion

Front 3

Lee v. Weisman

Back 3

Amendment: 1st
Case: A rabbi spoke at a graduation ceremony and mentioned God.
Ruling: School prayer is forbidden, and no school official can mention God.

Front 4

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Back 4

Amendment: 1st
Case: Teachers in religious schools were being given money.
Ruling: It violated the establishment clause.
NOTE: Established the Lemon Test

Front 5

D.C. v. Heller

Back 5

Amendment: 2nd
Case: Owner of guns was required to register all guns with government.
Ruling: The state cannot infringe on the right to own a firearm, but can say what condition it can be in and can force registration.

Front 6

Presser v. Illinois

Back 6

Amendment: 2nd
Case: Presser formed a militia without Illinois government approval. Illinois government tried to shut Presser down.
Ruling: The 2nd amendment does not apply to the states.

Front 7

U.S. v. Miller

Back 7

Amendment: 2nd
Case: Requirement under the National Firearms Act to register all guns. Miller violated by having a sawed-off shotgun.
Ruling: Sawed-off shotguns do not have anything to do with a well-armed militia.

Front 8

Quilici v. Morton Grove

Back 8

Amendment: 2nd
Case: Morton Grove banned guns from the home.
Ruling: The 2nd Amendment does NOT apply to the states.

Front 9

U.S. v. Leon

Back 9

Amendment: 4th
Case: Leon was searched w/ a warrant, but a judge dismissed the warrant b/c there was not enough evidence, thus the drugs found were excluded.
Ruling: A warrant issued in good faith is enough to hold up and keep evidence in court.

Front 10

Hudson v. Michigan

Back 10

Amendment: 4th
Case: When police announced themselves they only waited 5 seconds instead of 10 seconds.
Ruling: The amount of time is not important, the police announced themselves so are not in violation of the 4th Amendment.

Front 11

Mapp v. Ohio

Back 11

Amendment: 4th
Case: Mapp's home was searched and no warrant was produced in court.
Ruling: Any evidence found in violation of the 4th amendment is subject to exclusion from court.

Front 12

Hepting v. AT & T

Back 12

Amendment: 5th
Case: AT&T accused of violating privacy by illegal surveillance, but AT&T claims they are cooperating with the government to find terrorists.
Ruling: None as of now.

Front 13

Griswold v. Connecticut

Back 13

Amendment: 5th/9th
Case: Connecticut bans contraceptives and doctors from prescribing them. Griswold prescribed them.
Ruling: Law was a violation of privacy of married couples.

Front 14

Kelo v. City of New London

Back 14

Amendment: 5th
Case: Private property was being taken by the government to be sold for private development.
Ruling: The government has a right to take the land; the land was being developed for the good of the city.

Front 15

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld

Back 15

Amendment: 5th
Case: The commissions set up by Bush violate 5th amendment and the Geneva convention.
Ruling: The commissions were not approved by congress, therefore they were illegal.

Front 16

Miranda v. Arizona

Back 16

Amendment: 5th
Case: Miranda was not read his rights and thus did not know about self-incrimination; he was convicted based on a confession.
Ruling: Defendants must be read their rights before they may be questioned.
NOTE: Established Miranda Rights

Front 17

Gideon v. Wainwright

Back 17

Amendment: 6th
Case: Gideon denied counsel during his trail because he was too poor to get himself a lawyer.
Ruling: In all cases counsel MUST be given and if a person cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed to them.

Front 18

Furman v. Georgia

Back 18

Amendment: 8th
Case: Furman accidentally killed a man, and argued that because of it he did not deserve to be killed. One of the Supreme Court Justices believed the electric chair to be cruel and unusual but...
Ruling: Because Furman had taken another's life, he did not deserve his own.

Front 19

Hill v. McDonough

Back 19

Amendment: 8th
Case: Hill was sentenced to death, but wanted an alternate means of punishment. Was denied b/c it was said he was asking for a second writ of habeas corpus.
Ruling: Hill was not violating the haeas corpus law.

Front 20

Bowers v. Hardwick

Back 20

Amendment: 9th
Case: Hardwick was seen performing oral sex, and was prosecuted under Georgia anti-sodomy laws. Hardwick claimed his right to privacy was violated.
Ruling: Court held that right to privacy did not extend to homosexuals.
NOTE: This case was overruled in Lawrence v. Texas in 2003

Front 21

Roe v. Wade

Back 21

Amendment: 9th
Case: Roe wanted an abortion because her pregnancy was the result of rape.
Ruling: Anti-abortion laws are a violation under the right to privacy.

Front 22

McCulloch v. Maryland

Back 22

Amendment: 10th
Case: Maryland required that the Second Bank of the United States pay a tax on paper for the money.
Ruling: Maryland could not tax the bank because it was part of the United States and therefore Congress had the right under the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Front 23

Hammer v. Dagenhart

Back 23

Amendment: 10th
Case: Congress was trying to impose national child labour laws, however did they have the right to regulate commerce?
Ruling: Congress does not have the right to regulate inter-state commerce, however the processes by which the goods are made are fair game.

Front 24

Brown v. Board of Education

Back 24

Amendment: 10th
Case: Racial separation is not constitutional because it is not equal.
Ruling: Separation is inherently unequal, therefore segregation is unconstitutional.

Front 25

Gitlow v. New York

Back 25

Amendment: 1st
Case: Gitlow distributed pamphlets calling for establishment of socialism through strikes and class action; convicted under anti-anarchy law prohibiting initiating violent overthrow of government.
Ruling: Gitlow had the right to preach ideas, and since he was not organizing the overthrow of the government he was fine.
NOTE: Applied the 1st Amendment to the states.

Front 26

Texas v. Johnson

Back 26

Amendment: 1st
Case: Johnson burned and American flag as a means of protest.
Ruling: Symbolic protest was protected under the 1st amendment.

Front 27

Randall v. Sorrell

Back 27

Amendment: 1st
Case: Vermont law put severe restrictions on how much money could be donated to politicians.
Ruling: The law violated the freedom of speech of the donating citizens.

Front 28

Tinker v. Des Moines

Back 28

Amendment: 1st
Case: Students decided to wear armbands to protest the vietnam war. The school forbid them to wear armbands.
Ruling: The students had a right under the 1st amendment to wear the armbands. The administrators would have to provide constitutionally valid reasons to forbid specific acts.

Front 29

New York Times v. Sullivan

Back 29

Amendment: 1st
Case: New York Times wrote about Alabama civil rights violations, Sullivan sued because he said it was libel.
Ruling: There was no malice behind the article, thus it was not considered libel.

Front 30

Bethel School District v. Fraser

Back 30

Amendment: 1st
Case: Fraser had sexual innuendos in a speech he made for a school assembly, and he was suspended.
Ruling: Schools have a right to restrict speech and expression that could hinder the learning environment and otherwise be harmful to the school.

Front 31

U.S. v. O'Brien

Back 31

Amendment: 1st
Case: O'Brien burned draft cards to protest the Vietnam War.
Ruling: Freedom of Expression does not apply if it hinders governmental action.

Front 32

Miller v. California

Back 32

Amendment: 1st
Case: Miller mailed out advertisements for books about "adult" material.
Ruling: Obscene material is not protected by the 1st Amendment.

Front 33

De Jonge v. Oregon

Back 33

Amendment: 1st
Case: De Jonge was creating a Communist party that advocated revolution for change.
Ruling: Freedom of assembly is protected unless there is actual planning to overthrow the government.

Front 34

NAACP v. Alabama

Back 34

Amendment: 1st
Case: NAACP refused to release names ect of members for safety reasons. Sued by Alabama for not registering members.
Ruling: NAACP is protected by freedom of association and does not have to release names.

Front 35

Boy Scouts of America v. Dale

Back 35

Amendment: 1st
Case: Boy Scouts forbid Dale to be an adult member because he was gay and a gay rights activist.
Ruling: The Boy Scouts had a right to discriminate against Dale because they were a private organization.