Bild 2 Lec 1

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

study of biological form of an organism

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physiology

Back 2

study of the biological functions of an organism

Front 3

form and function are...

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closely related

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evolutionary convergence

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shows that different species adapt to similar environmental challenge

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as animals increase in size

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skeleton must become proportionately larger to support their mass

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rate of material exchange is proportionate to
amount of material exchange is proportionate to

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cells surface area
cells volume

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some organs belong to more than one organ system

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nuff said

Front 8

tissue is

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group of cells with same function
comes together to form organ

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4 classes of tissue

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epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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1)) epithelial tissue
where
what shape
cell arrangement

Back 10

covers outside of body, lines organs and cavities in body, interacts with outside environment (skin, mucous membrane, etc)
shape of cell: cuboidal, columnar, or squamous (see pics on slide 22)
arrangement: simple(1 layer), stratified(many layers), or pseudostratified ( 1 layer but cells dif heights)

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carcinoma

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cancer of epithelial tissue (ie skin cancer)

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2)) connective tissue
where
packing

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binds and supports other tissue
individual cells spread throughout extracellular matrix. matrix can be liquid, solid, or btwn

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six types of connective tissue

see 26/27 in ppt 1 or google for explanation of each type

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1. loose connective tissue- binds epithelia to other tissue, holds organs in place
2. adipose tissue - stores fat for feul and insulation
3. fibrous connective tissue- in tendons and ligaments
4. cartilage- strong, flexible, support material
5. bone- mineralized, makes skeleton
6. blood- blood cells, cell fragments, plasma

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3)) muscle tissue

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long cells, (aka muscle fibers)
contract in response to nerve signals

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3 types muscle tissue

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skeletal/striated muscle- voluntary movement
smooth muscle- involuntary movement
cardiac muscle- contraction of heart, looks partially striated and part smooth

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how muscles work

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long fibers which respond to nervous signal
ratchet motion PUSH together and overlap even more
when relax move apart again

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4)) nervous tissue

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senses stimuli in internal and external environment-> sends signal
contains neurons and glia

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neurons/nerve cells

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transmit nerve impulses
mostly electrical and a little chemical

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glia/ glial cells

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nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

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tendons

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attach muscle to bones

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ligaments

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connect bones at joint

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feedback

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allows for regulation of internal environment

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regulator

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tight control/narrow range of acceptable environment
favorable environment but high energy cost

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conformer

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loose control/ conform to environment
difficult to deal with but low energy cost

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homeostasis

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-steady state maintained by body( ieblood pH, temp, glucose levels)
-maintained by both regulators and conformers but to lesser extent
-think of as ac/heat set to a specific temp

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negative feedback

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helps return something to its normal range/homeostasis
buildup of end product shuts off production

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positive feedback

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amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis
snowball effect until runs out

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circadian rhythm

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resets every 24 hours based on sun set, rise, etc
affects homeostasis settings by calling for different set points at different parts of the day
jet lag
in middle of night, body temp drops and melatonin conc rises
see 12 hour clock pic

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mice circadian study

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dif genes involved in circadian rhythm studied
gene expression reacts differently in dif environments

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thermoregulation

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animals maintain temp within tolerable range

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endothermic

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- make heat from metabolism
birds and mammals
walrus

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ectothermic

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- gain heat from outside sources
fish, amphibians, reptiles
lizard

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poikilotherm

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body temp changes with environment
conformer with respect to temp

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homeotherm

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body temp is constant
regulator with respect to temp

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4 methods of heat transfer

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radiation
evaporation
convection
conduction

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evaporation

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transition from liquid to gas uses energy in the form of heat
ie sweating

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conduction

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physical touching
solid to solid

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convetion

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solid to fluid (gas or liquid) thru flowing
ei boiling water

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radiation

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heat energy into environment throuhg air
ie fire

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integumentary system

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used in thermoregulation
skin hair nails

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5 adaptions in integumentary system

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insulation
circulatory
cooling by evaporation
behavioral responses
adjust metabolic heat production

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insuation

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reduced heat flow between animal and environment, like buffer
both hot and cold situations

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circulatory adaptations

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regulate blood flow near surface of body
vasodilation- more blood flow in skin, more heat loss
vasoconstriction- less blood flow to skin, less heat loss

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behavioral responses

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in both but especially in ectothems
ie snake sitting on rock in sun, lizard dance

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adjust metabolic heat production

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behaviors that make our body give off more heat
ie go running for heat, rub hands, shiver
also in ectotherms, just not used daily

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wood frog

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can become completely frozen, "dead", and come back to life when it thaws
fluids in blood similar to antifreeze
outside freezes, inside remains partially liquid

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thermoregulation controlled by

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hypothalamus in brain
like ac/heat with set temp

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bioenergetics

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flow and transformation of energy in animals
determines food need of animal by size,activity,environment

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metabolic rate

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amount of energy used by an animal over certain amount of time
determined by heat loss OR oxygen consumed/CO2 made
bmr and smr

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basal metabolic rate

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rate of ENDOtherm at comfortable temp

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standard metabolic rate

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rate of ECTOtherm at specific temp

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size and metabolic rate

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see slide 59

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torpor

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low activity to decrease metabolism to conserve energy in dangerous/hard conditions

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hibernation

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long term torpor for winter bc cold and little food