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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emergent Properties
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Properties that only exist when things are combined together which would have otherwise not work unless they were put together.
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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
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Bonds where the atoms share the electrons equivalently
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Polar Covalent Bonds
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Bonds where an atom is more eletronegative than another, leading to atoms not sharing the equation equally.
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Hydrogen Bond
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When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.
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Cohesion
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The bonding of molecules due to hydrogen bonds helps pull water through adhesion. It is also responsible for surface tension, caused by adhesion.
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Moderation of Temperature by Water
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Water can absorb alot of heat or release alot of energy without a huge change in its temperature.
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Kinetic Energy
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The energy of motion.
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Heat
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A measure of the total amount of kinetic
energy due to molecular motion. |
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Temperature
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Measures the intensity of heat due to
the average kinetic energy of molecules |
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Floating of Ice on Liquid Water
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Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in
ice are more “ordered,” making ice less dense. It all ice sank, then there will be all frozen water. |
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The Solvent of Life
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Water is a versatile solvent due to its polarity.
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Hydration Shell
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When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each
ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules. |
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Hydrophillic
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Has an affinity for water:
• charged molecules, ions • polar molecules, which contain O-H or N-H polar covalent bonds |
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Hydrophobic
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Does not have an affinity for water
• Noncharged and nonpolar molecules – which do not form aqueous solutions |
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Base
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Any substance that decreases the hydrogen ion
concentration of a solution. |
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Acid
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Any substance that increases the hydrogen ion
concentration of a solution. |
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pH
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The negative logarithm of H+ concentration. Each pH unit represents a tenfold difference in H+
concentrations |
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Buffers
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Substances that minimize changes in the
concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution |
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Organic Compound
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A compound containing carbon.
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Macromolecules
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Huge molecules that make up all living things.
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Carbon
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Has 4 Valence Electrons
4 Single Bonds allow for Rotation A Double Bond results in all bonds being in the same plane, which means that they cannot rotate. |
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Hydrocarbons
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Molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen.
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Functional Groups
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Components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.
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Hydroxyl Groups
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-OH
-Alcohol -Makes it more polar |
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Carbonyl Groups
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C=O
Ketone if the carbonyl is within the carbon skeleton Aldehyde if the carbonyl group is that the end of an carbon skeleton |
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Carboxyl Group
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-COOH
Carboxylic or Organic Acid |
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Amino Group
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-NH2
-Acts as a base |
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Sulfhydryl Group
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-SH
Thiol |
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Phosphate Group
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-OPO3 2-
Organic Phosphate Leads to reactions and makes the molecule unstable |
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ATP
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- Anedosine Triphosphate
- Primary energy transferring molecule - Consists of anedosine attached to 3 phosphate groups |
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Methyl Group
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-CH3
Methylated compound Not chemically reactive |
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Polymer
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A long molecule consisting of many building blocks that are repeating.
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Monomers
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Small building block molecules.
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Dehydration Reaction
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When two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.
Combine |
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Hydrolysis
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Polymers are disassembled to monomers catalyzed by enzymes.
Break Down |
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Carbohydrates
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They are polysaccharides. They are polymers of many sugar building blocks. The simple carbohydrates are simple sugars.
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Sugars (Monosaccharides)
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- Molecular formula with multiples of CH2O
- They are classified by: - number of carbons - placement of carbonyl groups - most names end in -ose - most of them form rings |
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Disaccaharides
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Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.
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Glycosidic Linkage
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The covalent bond between two monosaccharides.
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Polysaccharides
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Polymers of sugars that have storage and structural roles.
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Starch
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A storage polysaccharide of plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers. Carries a helical structure. The glycosidic linkages are in the alpha conformation.
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Glycogen
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The storage polysaccharide in animals. Carries a helical structure.
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Cellulose
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A major component of tough walls of plant cells. It carries a straight structure. The glycosidic linkages are in the beta conformation.
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Alpha Glucose
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H on top and OH on the bottom.
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Beta Glucose
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OH on the top and H on the bottom.
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Chitin
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Another structural polysaccharide that is found in the exoskeleton of anthropods and provide structural support for cell walls of many fungi.
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Lipids
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Non polymer biological molecules that are:
- hydrophobic - vary in structure - structure dominated by hydrocarbons which are nonpolar covalent bonds They include: fats, phospholipids, and steroids. |
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Fats
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Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids. They are hydrophobic because water hydrogen bonds with itself rather than fats.
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Glycerol
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A three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.
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Fatty Acids
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A carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton.
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Triacylgylcerol or Trigylceride
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Three fatty acids are linked to glycerol by an ester linkage. The synthesis comes from a dehydration reaction.
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Saturated Fatty Acids
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Has the maximum amount of hydrogen bonds possible, meaning purely single bonded and that they can rotate. They are solid at room temperature.
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids
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They have 1 or more double bonds and do not have the maximum amount of hydrogen bonds possible. They are liquid at room temperature.
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Phospholipids
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Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to a glycerol. The phosphate group creates a hydrophillic head. When phospholipids are added in water, they form a bilayer with the hydrophillic heads interacting with the water. This is the properties of cell membranes.
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Steroids
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Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of our fused rings.
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Cholesterol
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They are a component in the cell membrane and are a precursor for steroid hormones.
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Protein
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They account for 50% of the dry mass in cells. Their functions are: defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and structural support.
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Enzymatic Proteins
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They aid in the acceleration of chemical reactions.
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Defensive Proteins
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Protection against disease.
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Storage Proteins
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Storage of amino acids
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Transport Proteins
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Transport of substances.
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Hormonal Proteins
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Coordination of an organism's activities.
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Receptor Proteins
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Response of cell to chemical stimuli.
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Contractile and Motor Protein
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Movement
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Structural Proteins
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Support
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Polypeptides
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Unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids.
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Amino Acids
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Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups.
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Peptide Bonds
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Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds that come from a dehydration reaction.
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Polypeptide
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A polymer of amino acids that has a unique linear sequence of amino acids with a carboxyl C terminus and an amino N terminus end.
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Conformation of Protein
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The conformation or shape of the protein determines the function that the protein will have.
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Protein Primary Structure
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The sequence of the amino acids.
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Protein Secondary Structure
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This consists of the folds and coils in the polypeptide chain that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds in the backbone.
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Protein Tertiary Structure
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This is determined by the interactions among various side chains (R group) interaction. These interactions can be covalent, hydrogen bonds, or van der waal interactions.
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Protein Quaternary Structure
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The interaction between multiple polypeptide chains. Most proteins have only one chain, and thus they do not have quarternary structures.
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Sickle Cell Disease
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The result of a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin. The primary structure determines the structure of the protein
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Denaturation
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The loss of a protein's native structure that causes the protein to be biologically inactive.
Causes: - pH - Salt Concentration - Temperature - Other Environmental factors |
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X-ray Crystallography
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Scientists use this to determine the 3D protein structure based on diffraction of an X-ray beam by atoms of a crystallized molecule.
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Gene
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The unit of inheritance that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. They are made of DNA.
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Nucleic Acid
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They are made of monomers called nucleotides.
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
They provide directions for replication They direct the synthesis of messenger RNA They do not have an oxygen group. There are two polynucleotides spiraling around in a double helix. The DNA backbones run opposite of eachother, in an arrangement called antiparallel. Adenine goes with Thymine Guanine goes with Cytosine DNA serves as a template to produce new copies. |
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RNA
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Ribonucleic Acid
They are the code needed for protein synthesis. They have a hydroxyl group. Adenine goes with Uracil Guanine goes with Cytosine |
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Polynucleotide
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They are made of monomers called nucleotides and each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group.
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Nucleoside
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Portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group.
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Phosphodiester Linkage
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The bond between nucleotides.
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5' in the DNA strand
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Phosphate group
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3' in the DNA strand
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Hydroxyl group (OH)
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Pyramidines
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Cytosine
Thymine Uracil Pyramidines take up less space |
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Purines
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Adenine
Guanine Purines take up more space |
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Properties of the Cell
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All organisms are made of cell.
All cells are related by their descent. All cells carry similar features. |
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Magnification
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The ratio of an object's image size to its real size.
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Resolution
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The measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance between two points.
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Contrast
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Visible differences in parts of the sample.
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Light Microscope
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Visible light is passed through a specimen ad then through glass lenses, Lenses refract the light so that the image is magnified.
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Scanning Electron Microsope (SEM)
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Focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3D.
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Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)
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Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen to stud the internal structure of cells. This method requires a physical sectioning of the cell.
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Cell Fractionation
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Breaks up cells and separates the components, using centrifugation. This helps scientists determine the function of organelles.
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Prokaryotic Cells
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- No nucleus
- DNA in an unbound nucleoid - No membrane bound organelles - Cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane There are 1 prokaryotic cell per 10 eukaryotic cell. They have: - Ribosome - Plasma Membrane - Cell Wall - DNA |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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- DNA in a nucleus bounded by nuclear envelope
- Membrane bound organelles - Cytoplasm in the region between plasma membrane and the nucleus |
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Plasma Membrane
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A selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste. General structure consists of a biological membrane is two layers of phospholipids.
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Nucleolus
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The site of ribosomal RNA synthesis.
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Nuclear Envelope
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Encloses the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm.
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Ribosome
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They carry out protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (free ribosome) and on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosome).
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Endomembrane System
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Components:
- Nuclear Envelope - Endoplasmic Reticulum - Golgi Apparatus - Lysosomes - Vacuoles - Plasma Membrane They are connected by vesicles or are continuously connected. |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Accounts for more than half of the total membrane.
They are continuous of the nuclear envelope. |
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Smooth ER
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- synthesizes lipids
- metabolizes carbohydrates - detoxifies drugs and poisons - stores calcium ions - doesn't have ribosomes |
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Rough ER
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- has bound ribosomes that synthesize glycoproteins.
- distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membrane - is the membrane factory for the cell |
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Golgi Apparatus
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-modifies products of ER
- manufactures certain macromolecules - sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles |
