Big List 1

Front 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 1

Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany; Hint: Father of Psychology

Front 2

Margaret Floy Washburn

Back 2

The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D.; synthesized animal behavior research in "The Animal Mind"

Front 3

Edward Bradford Titchener

Back 3

Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements.; Hint: Student of Wilhelm Wundt

Front 4

Mary Whiton Calkins

Back 4

First woman to be admitted to and finish requirements for a Harvard Ph.D.; She was denied her degree, but offered one from an honorary degree from an undergraduate school for women which she denied.; Hint: Became APA's first female president.

Front 5

Psychology

Back 5

The science of behavior and mental processes

Front 6

Nature-nurture issue

Back 6

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.; Hint: The issue of genetics vs. environment

Front 7

B.F. Skinner

Back 7

A leading "behaviorist" who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior; Hint: Developed the Skinner box

Front 8

John B. Watson

Back 8

Another behaviorist who championed psychology as the science of behavior; Hint: Demonstrated conditioned responses on "Little Albert"

Front 9

Neuroscience

Back 9

The way in which the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Front 10

Evolutionary

Back 10

How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes

Front 11

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 11

Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany; Hint: Father of Psychology

Front 12

Margaret Floy Washburn

Back 12

The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D.; synthesized animal behavior research in "The Animal Mind"

Front 13

Edward Bradford Titchener

Back 13

Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements.; Hint: Student of Wilhelm Wundt

Front 14

Mary Whiton Calkins

Back 14

First woman to be admitted to and finish requirements for a Harvard Ph.D.; She was denied her degree, but offered one from an honorary degree from an undergraduate school for women which she denied.; Hint: Became APA's first female president.

Front 15

Psychology

Back 15

The science of behavior and mental processes

Front 16

Behavior genetics Perspective

Back 16

This area focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Front 17

Psychodynamic Perspective

Back 17

This area focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Front 18

Behavioral Perspective

Back 18

This area focuses on how we learn observable responses

Front 19

Cognitive perspective

Back 19

This area focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Front 20

Social-Cultural Perspective

Back 20

This area focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

Front 21

William James

Back 21

A popular psychology textbook was written in 1890.; Its famous author was _______

Front 22

James Watson

Back 22

The definition of psychology has changed several times since the late 1800's.; In the early 20th century, _______ redefined psychology as the "science of observable behavior".

Front 23

Social-cultural perspective

Back 23

Psychology is now defined as the science of behavior and mental processes.; The perspective in psychology that focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture is the ____________ perspective

Front 24

Hindsight bias

Back 24

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it.; Hint: Also known as the "I knew it all along" phenomenon.

Front 25

Critical thinking

Back 25

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions.; Rather it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Front 26

Theory

Back 26

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

Front 27

Hypothesis

Back 27

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Front 28

Operational definition

Back 28

A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables

Front 29

Replication

Back 29

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Front 30

Case study

Back 30

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Front 31

Survey

Back 31

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them

Front 32

Population

Back 32

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

Front 33

Random sample

Back 33

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Front 34

Correlation coefficient

Back 34

A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Front 35

Experiment

Back 35

Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable).

Front 36

Placebo

Back 36

an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent.

Front 37

Double blind procedure

Back 37

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.

Front 38

Placebo effect

Back 38

Any effect on behavior caused by a placebo

Front 39

Experimental condition

Back 39

The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Front 40

Control Condition

Back 40

The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of treatment.

Front 41

Random Assignment

Back 41

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups

Front 42

Independent Variable

Back 42

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Front 43

Dependent variable

Back 43

The experimental factor - in psychology, the behavior or mental process - that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Front 44

Culture

Back 44

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Front 45

Question

Back 45

Answer

Front 46

Edward Titchener

Back 46

Broke consciousness down into elements or specific mental structures



Sensations and thoughts are structures as well; Hint: Structuralist

Front 47

Edward Hall

Back 47

Studied proxemics, the measureable distance between people as they interacted

Front 48

Aaron Beck

Back 48

Cognitive therapy for depression that aims to replace negative or irrational thoughts with more reasonable, adaptive ones; Hint: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist

Front 49

Albert Bandura

Back 49

Social learning theory that states we learn behavior through vicarious reinforcement; Hint: Behaviorist

Front 50

Julian Rotter

Back 50

Internal/external loci of control; Hint: Trait Theorist

Front 51

Erik Erickson

Back 51

In a psychoanalytic and psychosocial framework, he expanded Freud's theories to cover entire lifespan; Hint: Ego Psychologist

Front 52

John Garcia

Back 52

The Garcia Effect states that different species have innate predispositions to learn different thing in different ways

Front 53

Albert Ellis

Back 53

Rational-emotive therapy states that irrational beliefs about self impair goal attainment and aims to repair those beliefs; Hint: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist

Front 54

Karen Horney

Back 54

Devised theory that personality governed by one of ten needs; Hint: Psychoanalytic Theorist

Front 55

Martin Seligman

Back 55

Learned helplessness theory of depression; Hint: Behaviorist

Front 56

Howard Gardner

Back 56

Theory of multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical/math, spatial, musical, bodily, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

Front 57

McClelland & Rumelhart

Back 57

Parallel distributed processing views cognition and behavior as an interconnected network of simple units

Front 58

Raymond Cattell

Back 58

Theorized fluid versus crystallized intelligence

Front 59

Gordon Allport

Back 59

Cardinal, central, and secondary traits are responsible for behavior and personality.



Functional Autonomy



Idiographic vs. nomothetic; Hint: Trait Theorist

Front 60

David McClelland

Back 60

Need for Achievement

Front 61

Herman Witkin

Back 61

Field dependence

Front 62

Darley & Latane

Back 62

Studied social influence and diffusion of responsibility in altruism/bystander intervention



Pluralistic ignorance

Front 63

Walter Cannon

Back 63

Studied autonomic nervous system

Front 64

Arthur Jensen

Back 64

Argued that intelligence as measured by IQ tests is almost entirely genetic.; Also focused on differences in IQ scores across race.

Front 65

Leon Festinger

Back 65

Cognitive Dissonance--conflict when attitudes not in sync with behavior.



Minimal justification effect

Front 66

Klein, Winnicott, Mahler & Kernberg

Back 66

Object-relations theory

Front 67

Louis Thurstone

Back 67

Identified 7 primary mental abilities as measure of intelligence

Front 68

Robert Zajonc

Back 68

Emission of dominant responses/mere exposure effect

Front 69

Herman Ebbinghaus

Back 69

Method of Savings

Front 70

Noam Chomsky

Back 70

Best known for work on generative and transformational grammar; Hint: Linguist

Front 71

David Rosenhan

Back 71

Investigated effects of being labeled mentally ill by being admitted into psychiatric hospital, though otherwise normal

Front 72

Ewald Hering

Back 72

Opponent-process theory of color vision

Front 73

Thomas Szasz

Back 73

The Myth of Mental Illness.; Mental disorders are disorders because they differ from the social norm.

Front 74

Kurt Lewin

Back 74

Leadership styles: Autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire

Front 75

AR Luria

Back 75

Studied numerous neurological disorders such as aphasia

Front 76

James Stoner

Back 76

Group polarization: tendency for group discussion to enhance group's initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution

Front 77

Eagly

Back 77

Gender differences not due to gender per se, but differing social roles

Front 78

Muzafer Sherif

Back 78

Robber's Cave Experiment: Goals best obtained thru intergroup cooperation.; Dramatically improves intergroup relations.

Front 79

George Sperling

Back 79

Devised partial-report procedure for studying the limits of memory and recall

Front 80

Keller & Breland

Back 80

Instinctual Drift; Hint: Behaviorists

Front 81

Young & Helmhotz

Back 81

Trichromatic theory of color vision states that cones have red, blue, and green receptors.; Ratio of activity determines color.

Front 82

John Locke

Back 82

Tabula rasa: the mind is a blank slate at birth

Front 83

Niko Tinbergen

Back 83

Introduced experimental methods into natural animal habitats

Front 84

Philip Zimbardo

Back 84

Prison simulation.; Found that people are more likely to commit antisocial acts if they feel anonymous.;



Deindividuation

Front 85

Irving Janis

Back 85

Groupthink: tendency of decision making groups to strive for consensus by ignoring discordant info



Risky shift: group decisions are riskier than the average of individual choices.



Value hypothesis

Front 86

Question

Back 86

Answer

Front 87

Tourette's (what is it? Rates?)

Back 87

Tourette's: A tic disorder. Symptoms: Multiple motor tics, one or more vocal tics. Tics: Sudden, recurrent, stereotyped.



Rates: 4-5/10,000 people

Front 88

Delusion

Back 88

Delusions: False belifs, maintained despite evidence to the contrary.

Front 89

Hallucinations

Back 89

Hallucinations: Perceptions NOT due to external stimuli, but feel real. Most common's auditory.

Front 90

Disorganized thought (word salad, neologism)

Back 90

Disorganized thought: Loosening of associations. Ideas shift, neologisms, word salad

Front 91

Disturbance of Affect (in Schizophrenia)

Back 91

Disturbance of Affect (in Schizophrenia):

1. blunting: a reduction of affect expression



2. Flat Affect:Almost no signs of affective expression



3. Inappropriate affect: Crying when telling a funny story

Front 92

Catatonic Motor Behavior

Back 92

Catatonic Motor Behavior: Extreme behaviors, like rigid posture, useless and bizarre movement

Front 93

Before Schizophrenia (before and during)

Back 93

Before schizophrenia:

1. Prodromal Phase: Deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, inappropriate affect, unusual stuff.

2. Active Phase: Schizo

Front 94

Development of Schizo (process, reactive?)

Back 94

Development of Schizophrenia:

1. Process: If development of disease is slow. Recovery prognosis is poor.



2. Reactive: Onset is intense and sudden. Prognosis is better.

Front 95

Dysthymic and Cyclothymic Disorders

Back 95

Dysthymic and Cyclothymic Disorders:; Less severe than major depression and bipolar. Similar but less severe symptoms.

Front 96

Etiologies for mood disorders (what's the Monomine/ Catechloamine theory of Depression

Back 96

Etiologies for mood disorders:

1. Neurotrasmitters: Norepinephrine, serotonin... the Monomine Theory of Depression (catechloamine): Too much leads to mania, too little to depression.

Front 97

Eating Disorders:

1. Anorexia Nervousa



2. Bulimia nervousa

Back 97

Eating disorders:

1. Anorexia: Can't maintain minimal body weight. Usually no period, 90% female. 10% of hospitalizations result in death.



2. Bulimia: Binge-eating and excessive compensation. 90% female.

Front 98

Diathesis-Stress Model

Back 98

Diathesis-Stress Model:



diathesis: Predisposition toward a certain mental disorder (genes, anatomic, biochemical?) Excessive stress on these people may lead to development of specific mental disorder. INTERACTION.

Front 99

David Rosenhan (Mentally Ill, Labels)



Thomas Szasz

Back 99

1. David Rosenhan: When you're labeled mentally ill, the label sticks. Mental illness can be fakes and misdiagnosed.



2. Thomas Szasz: "The Myth of Mental Illness." Labeling forces people to conform to social norms.

Front 100

Kraepelin, E.

Back 100

Pre-DSM IV. Made a system to classify mental disorders.

Front 101

Structuralism (Titchener)

Back 101

Structuralism (Titchener): Consciousness into elements using introspection.

Front 102

Functionalism (James, Dewey)

Back 102

Functionalism (James, Dewey): Stream of consciousness, studies how mind functions to facilitate adaptation to environment, attacked structuralism.

Front 103

Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner)

Back 103

Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner): Objective study of behavior. Attacked mentalism, introspection, structuralism, functionalism.

Front 104

Cognitive (Chomsky)

Back 104

Cognitive (Chomsky): Behaviorism does not fully explain behavior, people think, believe, are creative.

Front 105

Gestalt (Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka)

Back 105

Gestalt (Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka): Whole is different than the sum of its parts. Attacked structuralism and functionalism.

Front 106

Psychoanalysis (Freud, Jung, Adler)

Back 106

Psychoanalysis (Freud, Jung, Adler): Behavior is the result of unconscious conflicts, repression, defense mechanisms.

Front 107

Humanism (Maslow, Rogers)

Back 107

Humanism (Maslow, Rogers): Looks at people as wholes, humans have free will, study mentally healthy people.

Front 108

Types of Rehearsal



1. Maintenance



2. Elaborative

Back 108

Types of Rehearsal



1. Maintenance: Repeating the information. For keeping info in short -term memory.



2. Elaborative: Organizing and associating the info with information already in LTM..

Front 109

Encoding



For verbal material in STM? In LTM? Supported by?)

Back 109

Encoding for verbal behavior...



1. In STM: Phonological (acoustic) NOT visual.

2. In LTM: By meaning.



Supported by Semantic Priming: Response time is faster is two words are semantically related.

Front 110

Facilitating Memory



What's encoding specificity? What's state-dependent learning? Mnemonic devices? Chunking? Method of Loci?

Back 110

Facilitating Memory



1. Encoding Specificity: The assumption recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding.

; ex/ State Dependent Learning: Suggests that recall will be better if your psychologi

Front 111

Eyewitness Memory (who's elizabeth Loftus?)

Back 111

Eyewitness Memory



Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitnesses can be confused/ influences by misleading information. Much eyewitness memory can be erroneous. Also studied the accuracy of repressed memories that return later in life.

Front 112

Zeigarnik Effect (do we remember finished or unfinished tasks better?)

Back 112

Zeigarnik Effect



Tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks.

Front 113

Creativity (what's Guildford's divergent thinking test?)

Back 113

Creativity: A cognitive ability that results in new ways to view problems.



Guilford's Divergent Thinking: Thinking of as many creative uses for an object as possible.

Front 114

Language (4 basic units, what's a phoneme? Morpheme? Semantics? Syntax?)

Back 114

Language. 4 basic units of it:



1. Phoneme: Smallest SOUND units of language

2. Morphemes: Smallest units of meaning in a language.

3. Semantics: The meaning of words

4. Syntax: Grammar.

Front 115

Gender Differences in Language Development



(who's Macoby and Jacklin?)

Back 115

Gender Differences in Language Developement: Elanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin: Found girls are better at verbal than boys.

Front 116

Arthur Jensen (intelligence by genes?)

Back 116

Arthur Jensen: Intelligence by IQ tests is almost %100 genetics. You can't teach someone to score higher on an IQ test. Was a liddle bit racist.

Front 117

Information Processing (who's McClelland and Rumelhart? What's PDP?)

Back 117

Information Processing



McClelland and Rumelhart: Talked about Parallel Distribute Processing, that information processing is DISTRIBUTED across the brain in a parallel fashion?

Front 118

Metapsychology?

Back 118

Metapsychology...

Meta: Reflecting upon something.



Metacognition and Metamemory: Thinking about and monitoring cognition and memory.

Front 119

Edward Thorndike

Back 119

Edward Thorndike: functionalist (how the mind helps you adapt to your environment).



Also a behaviorist, invented the Law of Effect: the basis for operant conditioning.

Front 120

John Watson

Back 120

John Watson: Classical conditioning experiment on Little Albert.

Front 121

After Watson, what was hot? Who's Clark Hull?

Back 121

Behaviorism (1920s-1960's): Hot after Watson.



Clark Hull: Theory of Motivation (drive- reduction theory): The goal of behavior is to reduce biological drives.



Other behaviorists: Edwin Guthrie, B.F Skinner.

Front 122

Konrad Lorenz started what party?

Back 122

Konrad Lorenz: Started Ethology (study of animal behavior done in the field). Studied it in great detail, function in context.

Front 123

Classical (respondent) conditioning

Back 123

Classical (respondent) conditioning:



Pavlov: OK, the food was the UCS, the food in mouth was the UCR. The new stimulus (the bell) became a CS when it started eliciting saliva. The learned saliva response was the CR... shocking.

Front 124

Shaping and differential reinforcement

Back 124

Shaping: For a desired behavior, you reinforce (and then extinguish) steps closer and closer to the behavior you ultimately want.



Shaping is aka differential reinforcement ;@)

Front 125

Ethology:



E.O. Wilson

Back 125

Ethology



E.O. Wilson: Sociobiology (studies how social behaviors increase fitness).



Wilson: Believed that GENETICS and the ENVIRONMENT cause behavior.

Front 126

E.G. Boring

Back 126

The Zeitgeist (changing spirit of the times) guides psychology's development.

Front 127

Edward Titchener (what's his method? What's the system of Psychology?)

Back 127

Edward Titchener's method of introspection: Formed Structuralism: Structural psychologists analyzed human experiences through introspection, breaking mental activity down into "basic elements" or "building blocks.

Front 128

Sigmund Freud Theory of Personality (which theory? What are the three players?)

Back 128

Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic theory: there's unconscious internal states motivating overt actions, determining personality.



Id, ego, superego.

Front 129

Superego

Back 129

Superego: The moral branch of personality. Wants perfection.



Superego has two subsystems: Conscience: What you do wrong and get punished for.

Ego-Ideal: What you get rewarded for.

Front 130

Instinct (according to Freud)

Back 130

Instinct (according to Freud): Innate psychological representation (wish) of a bodily (biological) excitation (need).



Two types of instincts:

Eros (life)- for individual survival. Performs work with libido's energy.

Thantos (death).

Front 131

Repression



Suppression



Projection

Back 131

Repression: The unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories



Suppression: More deliberate, conscious form of forgetting



Projection: When you attribute your urges to others.

Front 132

Displacement



Sublimination

Back 132

Displacement: Pent-up feelings are discharged on less-dangerous objects than the real culprit



Sublimination: Transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable ones.

Front 133

Horney's strategies

Back 133

Three strategies to reduce basic anxiety: Moving toward, moving against, moving away.



Highly threatened people: Use on of these rigidly and exclusively, carries into adulthood.

Front 134

Anna Freud (what's the modification?)

Back 134

Anna Freud: Founded ego psychology: More direct study of conscious ego, its relation to the world and the other parts of mind (id, superego).

Front 135

Erik Erikson (and ego Psychology)

Back 135

Erik Erikson: Made a direct extention of psychoanalysis to the psychosocial realm. Expanded Freud's stages to whole life, showed how even negative events can make life better. His framework describes a healthy person in his own terms.

Front 136

neo-Freudian approaches (what's the modification?)

Back 136

Neo-Freudian approaches: Place more emphasis on current interpersonal relationships and life situations (vs. childhood/ psychsexual development)

Front 137

Behavior Therapy (relationship of symptoms to disorder? Good for what?)

Back 137

Behavior Therapy: Maladjustment is learned. The symptom IS the disorder.



BT works well with phobias, impulse control, personal care for mental retardation, hospitalized Psych. patients.

Front 138

Behaviorism vs. Psychoanalysis

Back 138

Psychoanalysis says that removing one symptom will just create Symptom Substitution: A new symptom will replace the old one.

Front 139

Victor Frankl (Humanistic)

Back 139

Victor Frankl (Humanist): Survived Nazi concentration camps. Mental problems: Stem from a life of meaninglessness.

Front 140

Type A/ B

Back 140

Type A: Competitive, compulsive. Most prevalent with middle/upper class men, more prone to heart disease.



Type B: Laid-back, relaxed

Front 141

David McClelland (nAch)

Back 141

David McClelland (trait):

Identified trait called need for achievement (nAch).



High nAch: Concerned with achievement, take pride in accomplishments. Avoid too high, too low risks. Set realistic goals.

Front 142

Julian Rotter

Back 142

Julian Rotter: Internal Locus of control vs. external.



External: Believing that outside events and chance control destiny.



Internal: Higher self-esteem.

Front 143

Machiavellianism

Back 143

Machiavellianism: Someone manipulative, decietful.

Front 144

Sandra Bem

Back 144

Sandra Bem's androgyny: People can score high on femininity and masculinity, SO: They're two separate dimensions.



Androgyny: Being high in both!

Front 145

Walter Mischel's Criticism

Back 145

Walter Mischel's Criticism: Criticised explaining behavior based on personality types.



Mischel: Human behavior is determined by the characteristics of the SITUATION (not person)

Front 146

Franz Gall

Pierre Flourens

Back 146

Franz Gall: Phrenology!

Pierre Flourens: Extirpation (ablation).

Front 147

William James (what's the system?)

Back 147

William James: Functionalism.

Front 148

John Dewey

Back 148

John Dewey: Functionalist. Started it with his paper, criticism of the reflex arc.

Front 149

Paul Broca

Back 149

Paul Broca: Specific functional impairments are linked to specific brain lesions.



Broca's Area: A language area in the dominant hemisphere.

Front 150

Phineas Gage

Back 150

Phineas Gage (1848): Damage to prefrontal cortex changed his personality.

Front 151

CNS and PNS (an overview)

Back 151

Nervous System



1. Central NS: Brain, Spinal Cord.



2. Peripheral NS

; a. Somatic NS

; b. Autonomic NS

; i. Parasympathetic NS

; ii. Sympathetic NS

Front 152

Autonomic Subdivisions of the Brain (and function)



Discuss: Midbrain (inferior and superior colliculi)

Back 152

Autonomic Subdivisions of the Brain (and function)



Midbrain:

1. Inferior and Superior Colliculi: Sensorimotor rel

Front 153

Autonomic Subdivisions of the Brain (and function)



Discuss: Hindbrain (cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation)

Back 153

Autonomic Subdivisions of the Brain (and function)



Hindbrain:

1. Cerebellum: Refined motor movement.

2. Medulla Oblongaga: Vital functioning (breathing, digestion)

3. Reticular Formation: Alertness and arousal

Front 154

The Hindbrain (manages what?)

Back 154

The Hindbrain: balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal (sleep/ awake). Manages VITAL functions.



Forms the brainstem along with the mindbrain.

Front 155

The Midbrain (manages what? Receives what info?)

Back 155

The Midbrain: Manages sensorimotor reflexes.



Midbrain receives sensory and motor information

Front 156

Ventricles

Back 156

Ventricles: One of a system of communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.



Ventricles: Have cerebrospinal fluid.



Too large ventricles: Pattern of symptoms re: schizophrenia

Front 157

Amnesia (antergorade, retrograde)

Back 157

Amnesia:



1. Anterograde: Can't make new long term memories (H.M., Brenda Milner studied him)



2. Retrograde: Memory loss for events that happened BEFORE injury.

Front 158

Association vs. Projection Areas

Back 158

1. Association Area: Combines input from different brain regions

Humans: Have more space for association areas.



2. Projection Area: Receive incoming sensory information or send out motor- impulse commands. ex/ Visual Cortex, Motor Cortex.

Front 159

F-POT (of CC): The Occipital Lobe (the visual cortex, Hubel and Wiesel's work, other functions?)

Back 159

The Occipital Lobe (in the F-POT of CC):



At the rear of the brain. Has the Visual Cortex (aka Striate Cortex): Hubel and Wisel worked on this.



Also, Occipital lob plays role in learning, motor control.

Front 160

Cerebral Hemispheres' Communication (contralateral, ipsilateral)

Back 160

Cerebral Hemispheres Communication



1. Contraleteral communication: When one side of the brain talks to the opposite side of the body.

2. Ipsilateral communication: Like in smell, the hemespheres communicate with the SAME side of the body.

Front 161

Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzinga

Back 161

Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzinga: Found that severing the Corpus Collosum (fibers that connect the 2 hemespheres), creating a Split Brain, you'll stop the sharing of information between the hemispheres. It created specialization.

Front 162

Dominant vs. Dominant: Rough function overview

Back 162

1. Dominant Hemisphere: Letters, words, language-related sounds, speech, writing, reading, arithmetic, complex voluntary movement.



2. Right Hemisphere (Nondominant): Faces, emotions, music, geometry, sense of direciton.

Front 163

Dendrites (vs. axons)

Back 163

Dendrites (vs axons)



1. Most axons are mylenated (dendrites are not)

2. Dendrites can regenerate and change branching patterns, and axons can't.

3. Function: Dendrites are RECEPTORS and axons are a communication avenue.

Front 164

Neural Transmission (when's it electrical? When's it chemical?)

Back 164

1. Neural conduciont: WITHIN the neuron, it's an ELECTRICAL process (it's among the dendrites, cell body, axon).



2. Neural transmission BETWEEN neurons is a CHEMICAL process that's always at the synapse.

Front 165

All-or-nothing law (re: depolarization's critical prd, re: action potential voltage)

Back 165

All or Nothing Law: The neuron fires each time depolarization's at critical threshold (-50mV).



When action potential begins, its voltage always peaks at same intensity (+35mv), regardless of trigger stiumulus' intensity

Front 166

Neurotransmitter:

Acetylcholine

Back 166

Neurotransmitter:

Acetylcholine: nt's found in CNS and PNS.



Parasymp. NS: Ach transmits nerve impulses to muscles.



CNS: AcH linked to Alzheimer's (memory loss, loss of AcH in neurons connected with hippocampus)

Front 167

GABA (what's it do to neuron? Which type of PSP?)

Back 167

GABA: Produces Inhibitory PSP, stabilizes neural activity in brain. Causes hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic membrane.

Front 168

Peptides

Back 168

Peptides (two or more amino acids joined together).



1. Neuromodulators (neuropeptides): Their synaptic action is slow and has a longer effect on the postsynaptic cell.



ex/ Endorphines and Enkephalins (act like morphine): Peptides.

Front 169

Narcotics

Back 169

Narcotics: Opium, heroin, morphine. Many bind directly to opiate receptors (normally respond to endorphins).



Psychadelics: Alter sensory perception.

Front 170

IV: Levels vs. Numbers

Back 170

IV: there's a difference between the NUMBERS of IV's and the LEVELS of an IV



(ex. IV= protein, Levels: low and high)

(ex. IV= protein, IV 2= time of day)

Front 171

Confounding Variables

Back 171

Confounding Variables: Unintended IV's. Like, other possible causes of your finding outside of YOUR IV.

So:



Control Group: They don't get any treatment.

Experimental Group: Gets the treatment.

Front 172

Nonequivalent Group Design

Back 172

Nonequivalent Group Design: The Control group is NOT NECESSARILY similar to the experimental group because there's no random assignment. Like, in education classes.

Front 173

Descriptive Stats (and inferential stats).

Back 173

Descriptive Stats: Organizing, quantifying, summarizing a collection of ACTUAL observations.



Inferential Statistics: Generalizing beyond actual observations. Infer re: sample involved to the population of interest.

Front 174

Frequency Distribution

Back 174

Frequency Distribution: A graphic representation of how often each value occurs.

Front 175

Measures of Central Tendency (mean, mode, median, outliers)

Back 175

Measures of Central Tendency



1. Mode: The number that's there most. There CAN be more than one mode.

2. Median: The middle number. Get an average if you have an even- numbered sample.

3. Mean: The average.

4. Outliers: Effects mean the worst.

Front 176

T-Score

Back 176

T-Score: Has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. T-Scores are often used for test score interpretation.

Front 177

Normal vs. Skewed Distribution (re: the mean, median, and mode's location)

Back 177

Normal: Symmetrical, greatest frequency's in the middle, so: mean, median, and mode are all the same



Skewed: They're not.

Front 178

Intelligence tests:



Wechsler (different types? Difference between W and S-B?)

Back 178

Wechsler: All items are grouped into subtests, arranged in order of increasing difficulty within each subtest.



The Stanford-Binet is organized by are levels.



A Wechsler for you:

1. WPPSI: Preschoolers.

2. WISC: 5-16.

3. WAIS III: 16 and older.

Front 179

Ernst Weber (what's his theory? Who's Feschner?)

Back 179

Ernst Weber: Came up with jnd.



Weber's Law: Made by Feschner, the mathematical expression.

Front 180

Sir Francis Galton

Back 180

Sir Francis Galton: One of the first researchers interested in individual differences.

Front 181

Who founded Gestalt?

Back 181

Who founded Gestalt? Max Wertheimer: Starting with phi phenomenon.

Front 182

Retina (where? Function?)





What's the blind spot?

Back 182

Retina:



In the back of the eye. It's like a screen filled with neural elements, blood vessels.



The retina is the IMAGE-DETECTING part of the eye.



The blind spot: Where the optic nerve leaves the eye. No photoreceptors here.

Front 183

What's the Duplexity (Duplicity) Theory of Vision?

Back 183

What's the Duplexity (Duplicity) Theory of Vision?



The retina has TWO KINDS of photoreceptors. The retina's cells are organized such that light passes through INTERMEDIATE sensory neurons, then stimulates PHOTORECEPTORS.

Front 184

Visual Pathways in the Brain (where does information go post optic chaism?)

Back 184

Visual Pathways in the Brain:



1. From the Optic Chiasm, the information may go:

; i. Lateral Geniculate Nucleaus of the Thalamus

; ii. The Visual Cortex in the Occipital Lobe

; iii. The Superior Colliculus (in the midbrain)

Front 185

Young-Helmhotz's Theory re: color vision?

Back 185

Young-Helmhotz's Trichromatic Theory:



The retina has THREE types of color receptors: Red, Green, and Blue.



Today: Helmhotz was right...We know there's three types of cones in the retina, each maximally sensitive to a different primary color.

Front 186

Form Perception:



Who's Wolfgang Kohler? Theory of

Back 186

Wolfgang Kohler and Form Perception:



Theory of Isomorphism: There's a direct correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain.



Explains figure-ground configurations' representation in the brain.

Front 187

Auditory Pathways

Back 187

Auditory Pathways: The auditory nerve projects to the superior olive, the INFERIOR colliculus, the medial geniculate nucleus, and the temporal cortex.

Front 188

Yekes-Dodson Law

Back 188

Yerkes-Dodson Law: Attention required some arousal, but too much or too little will hurt performance.

Front 189

Consistency Theory

Back 189

People prefer consistency and will change (or refuse to change) based on this.



Examples: Cognitive Dissonance (Leon Festinger) and Balance Theory (Fritz Heider)

Front 190

History of Social Psych:

1. Norman Triplett

2. William McDougal and E.H. Ross

3. Verplank, Pavlov, Hull, Thorndike, Skinner

4. Bandura

Back 190

1. Triplett: 1st Social Psych study

2. McDougal: 1st Social Psych textbook

3. Verplank et. all: Reinforcement Theory (beh. is motivated by anticipated rewards)

4. Bandura: Social Learning Theory (behavior learned through imitation)

Front 191

Role Theory (Bindle 1970)

Back 191

People are aware of their social roles and behave to fulfill them

Front 192

Social Cognitive Theory

Back 192

The reciprocal nature of the determinants of human functioning.

portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences.

Front 193

Leon Festinger's Theory

Back 193

Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory



Your internal conflict when your actions don't match your attitudes.

Front 194

Daryl Bem's Theory

Back 194

Daryl Bem's Self-Perception Theory!



When your attitude about something is weak, you look at your actions to attribute an attitude to yourself.



In this theory there's no dissonance, and initial attitude is irrelevant.

Front 195

Overjustification Effect

Back 195

When you get outside reward for something you actually enjoy, you'll stop enjoying it.

Front 196

Stanley Schachter re: social comparison

Back 196

Greater anxiety leads to a greater need to affiliate. Anxious people like being around other anxious people.

Front 197

Reciprocity Hypothesis

Back 197

We like people who say they like us (and the reverse is also true).

Front 198

Aronson and Linder

Back 198

Gain-loss principle: A judgment of a person that CHANGES if more impactful than one that stays the same.

Front 199

Prosocial, Helping Behavior, Altruism

Back 199

1. Altruism: To help someone at your expense.

2. Helping behavior: Altruism, selfish motives, egotistical motives.

3. Prosocial: Helps people

Front 200

Bandura's Theory

Back 200

Social Learning Theory: Aggression is learned through modeling (direct observation) or reinforcement. Bobo doll. Also, aggressive behavior is selectively reinforced- People act aggressively because they expect some reward.

Front 201

Frustration- Aggression Hypothesis

Back 201

When people are frustrated, they act aggressively. Found: It's true, and there's a positive correlation.

Front 202

Muzafer Sherif's Study

Back 202

Muzafer Sherif's Conformity Study



Studied the autokinetic effect. One subject's estimates of the movement of the light CHANGED so that the group agreed on amount of movement.

Front 203

Solomon Asch's Study

Back 203

Solomon Asch's Conformity Study!



Subject conform to groups even when the group answer is dead wrong. Gave wrong answer at least once 75% of the time

Front 204

Stanely Milgram's Experiment

Back 204

Stanely Milgram's Obedience Experiment



So obvious I don't even need to say it.

Front 205

Foot-in-the-Door Effect



Door-in-the-Face Effect

Back 205

1. Foot in the Door: Compliance with a small request increases likelihood of compliance with a larger request.



2. Door in the Face: People who refuse a large request may accept a smaller one.

Front 206

Clark and Clark Study

Back 206

Clark and Clark Doll Study:



1947 with Doll Preference task. Most kids love the white doll. Highlighted effects of rasicm and minority status on self-concept of black kids. Presented at Brown v. Board (vs. school seg).

Front 207

Dimensions of Personal ID

Back 207

Our identities are organized according to a hierarchy of salience (in a particular situation)

Front 208

Primacy and Recency Effect on Social Perception

Back 208

1. Primacy Effect: When first impressions are more important than other impressions.



2. Recency Effect: When the most recent information is the most important.

Front 209

1. Halo Effect

2. M.J. Lerner's study

Back 209

1. Halo Effect: Allowing a general impression about a person to influence other, more specific evaluations (she can do no wrong because I like her)

2. M.J Lerner studied Just World Belief:; A strong JWB may lead to blaming the victim.

Front 210

Edward Hall's Study

Back 210

Edward Hall's Study and Proxemics:



1. There's cultural norms governing how far away we stand from people.

2. Proxemics: Study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others.

Front 211

Zajonc's Theory (re: groups)

Back 211

Zajonc: Presence of others increases arousal and enhances the emission of dominant responses.



For expert at task, presence of others increases their performance, but if you're doing something new, presence of others makes performance worse.

Front 212

Social Loafing

Back 212

Social Loafing: people put in less effort in a big group vs. individually.

Front 213

James Stoner

Back 213

Dilemmas presented to couples re: risky shift. There's a shift toward caution vs. risk. So: The content of the item can determine the direction of the shift.

Front 214

Group Polarization and Extremity Shift

Back 214

Extremity Shift: Group decisions tend to be more extreme, not necessarily more risky



Why? Because of group polarization: Tendency for group discussions to ENHANCE the group's original tendencies toward risk/caution.

Front 215

Leadership Qualities

Back 215

Leaders have: More communication (and by artificially increasing how much a person talks, their leadership status seems to go up)

Front 216

Eagly, A

Back 216

Gender differences in conformity may be due to different social roles (NOT gender)

Front 217

Studies in laterality have revealed that for most people the right hem; is more active then the left in...

Back 217

perception of complex geometric patterns

Front 218

Responsibility of the ascending reticular formation

Back 218

sleep and waking

Front 219

Theory that refers to the beliefs people hold about the inputs they bring to their work and the outcome recieved

Back 219

Equity theory

Front 220

Connectionism

Back 220

complex representations consisting of an activation pattern of many individual units that have simple on-off functions in the nervous system.

Front 221

PITS- How many morphemes and phonemes

Back 221

2 m's and 4 p's

Front 222

Without external cues of time, what happens to the bio clock?

Back 222

drift out of sync with external time

Front 223

Sandra Bem-Gender Schema Theory

Back 223

Children learn to categorize people and objects in terms of gender

Front 224

Cohort Sequential; Design

Back 224

strengthens inferences by replicating longitudinal finding across cohorts

Front 225

Theory of Signal Detection has been used to distinguish between..

Back 225

sensitivity and response bias

Front 226

Difference in the way mothers and fathers interact with their infants

Back 226

mothers play and talk quietly and fathers are more active and physical

Front 227

It has been argued that kids do not acquire language solely by imitating others. This argument is supported by...

Back 227

the linguistic generativity exhibited by young children

Front 228

Size Constancy

Back 228

distal stimulus is unchanging in size despite changes in our viewing position

Front 229

Who was the first to develop Stream of Consciousness?

Back 229

James

Front 230

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Back 230

a specific kind of bodily response precedes the experience of a specific emotion.

Front 231

Reliability of psychiatric; classification scheme is shown by...

Back 231

high level of agreement amoung professionals regarding which category a particular person fits into at any one time

Front 232

Analysis of Variance in a 3x3 factorial design with one dependent variable. How many interactions possible?

Back 232

ONE- one interaction for each dep. variable.

Front 233

Who developed a formal model based on the idea that behavior is a joint function of the person and the environment?

Back 233

Kurt Lewin

Front 234

Robbers Cave

Back 234

Prejudice

Front 235

Standard Deviation Calculation

Back 235

Subtact each score from the mean. Square each of those amounts and sum. Divide total sum by n-1 then take the sq. root of that number. That is standard deviation

Front 236

Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley, David Hume, James Mill, John Stuart Mill



Who invented Tabula Rasa?

Back 236

Formed the British empiricist school of thought: All knowledge is gained through experience.



Locke: Tabula Rasa= all kids' minds are a blank slate at birth, development is %100 nurture.

Front 237

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Back 237

"Society is not necessary, and impeded optimal development." Wrote "Emile," a comprehensive guide to pedagogy (being a teacher)

Front 238

Charles Darwin

Back 238

Kept a baby biography. Also, came up with Evolutionary Theory (studying the mind as it functions to help a person adapt to the environment), one root of FUNCTIONALISM.



Darwin: Also re: study of individual differences.

Front 239

G. Stanley Hall

Back 239

G. Stanley Hall: The father of developmental Psychology. Did empirical research on children.

Front 240

Arnold Gesell

Back 240

Developmental is a maturational (biological) process, regardless of training. A "nativist" (development is biologically based)

Front 241

Psychodynamic Orientation

Back 241

From Freud (1856-1939). Stress role of subcounscoious conflicts.

Front 242

Cognitive Theories of Development

Back 242

Cog. Theories of Development: Stress thinking ability of people.



Cognitive Structuralists: You're actively involved in your environment, constructing knowledge through your experiences (ex. Piaget)

Front 243

Cross-Sectional Study

Back 243

Cross-Sectional: Compares groups of subjects at different ages.



Time:1, Groups: 1,2,3

Front 244

Longitudinal Study

Back 244

Longitudinal: Compares a specific group of people over an extended period of time.



Time 1: Group 1, Time 2: Group 1, Time 3: Group 1

Front 245

Sequential Cohort

Back 245

Sequential Cohort: Several groups of different ages are studies over time.



Time 1: Group 1,2,3. Time 2: Group 1,2,3. Time 3: Group 1,2,3

Front 246

Lewis Terman

Back 246

First study focusing on "gifted" children

Front 247

Down's Syndrome

Back 247

Down's Syndrome: When there's an extra 21st chromosome. Causes mental retardation. Higher risk with older parents.

Front 248

PKU (Phenylketonuria)

Back 248

PKU: When the enzyme to digest phenylalanine (amino acid in, like, milk) is lacking. It's a regenerative disease of the nervous system. Now we test for it @ infancy.



PKU: the first genetic disease that could be tested in large populations.

Front 249

Klinefelter's syndrome

Back 249

Klinefelter's syndrome: An extra X in males (XXXX). Sterile and often mentally retarded.

Front 250

Turner's Syndrome

Back 250

Turner's Syndrome: Females with only one X chromosome.



Turner's Syndrome: Results in undeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and physical stuff: short fingers, weird-shaped mouths.

Front 251

Piaget: Preoperational

Back 251

Piaget's Preoperational Stage (2-7yo): Egocentricism begins strongly and then weakens. Children cannot conserve or use logical thinking.

Front 252

Piaget: Formal Operations

Back 252

Piaget's Formal Operations: You can "think like a scientist."



Do abstract thought and can easily conserve and think logically in their mind.

Front 253

Language Acquisition (18m, 2.5-3yo,5 yo)

Back 253

18m: words uttered one at a time. Words can mean more than one thing.



2.5-3yo: Longer sentences. More vocab, errors of growth (overregulation).



5: Language is largely mastered.

Front 254

Chomsky

Back 254

1. Transformational Grammar: Changes in word order that differ with meaning. Kids learn this easily @ early age.



2. LAD: Innate capacity for language.



3. Nativists (like Chomsky): Believe in a critical prd bet. 2 and puberty for lang. acqusition.

Front 255

Genie

Back 255

Learned some syntax, not others.

Suggests a Sensitive Period: When environmental input has maximal effect.

Front 256

Latency



Genital

Back 256

Latency: One the libido is subliminated (till puberty).



Genital Stage (puberty- adulthood): If previous stages were resolved,you get normal, heterosexual relationships. If not, you may have fetishes.

Front 257

Erik Erikson

Back 257

Psychsocial Theory. Development= sequence of life crises. Emphasises emotional development and interactions with social environment. Conflicts: between needs and social demands.

Front 258

Temperament is...

Back 258

Temperament is.. somewhat heritable, emerges early in life, stable over time, pervasive across situations.

Front 259

Research Methods in Temperment

Back 259

Temperment is measured in 3 ways:

1. Parental rewards of child behavior: Someone knowledgable, but could be biased.



2. Observations in natural settings: Objective, time-consuming



3. Labs: Controlled, but may not be generalizable.

Front 260

Wolff

Back 260

Wolff and crying: Three patterns of crying. Basic (hunger), Anger (frustration), pain cry (even nonparents react to it). Infants learn that people listen to cry as early as month 2.

Front 261

Social Smiling

Back 261

First smiling is undifferentiated. Then social smiling (associated with facelike patterns), 5 months: Only familiar faces elicit smiles.

Front 262

Fear

Back 262

Fear response: Goes from undifferentiated to specific. First any change in stimulus triggers it.



Year 1: Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety.



Context-dependent emotional response: get different reactions in a familiar vs. unfamiliar situation.

Front 263

Konrad Lorenz

Back 263

Konrad Lorenz: Ethology and imprinting (rapid formation of attachment bond between an organism and object in the environment).



Lorenz: All imprinting takes place during critical periods.

Front 264

The Heinz Dilemma

Back 264

Kolberg: To determine moral level, he came up with moral dilemmas. Was Heinz right to steal, and why?

Front 265

Carol Gilligan's Criticism

Back 265

Carol Gilligan's Criticism of Kolberg: Said that his research was done with only males, doesn't represent female moral development.



Women: Interpersonal orientation.

Men: Rule-bound.

Front 266

Martin and Halverson's Theory re: gender

Back 266

Martin and Halverson's Gender Schematic Processing Theory: A soon as kids self-label they concentrate on behaviors re: their gender.

Front 267

Dads and their kids (vs. moms)

Back 267

Dads: Play more vigorously with their kids.



Moms: Stress verbal over physical interactions.

Front 268

Erikson's theoretical background

Back 268

Neo-Freudian

Front 269

Genetics

Back 269

2 recessive gene parents ONLY make recessive genes.



But parents could have a recessive gene even with a dominant phenotype

Front 270

Telegraphic speech

Back 270

Telegraphic speech: Describe early sentences that consist of only CONTENT words (without, like, articles, prepositions, whatever the fuck that means).

Front 271

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Back 271

Tertiary Circular Reactions: Related to Piaget. It's trial and error, the child uses to investigate the environment.

Front 272

Mean

Back 272

Sum of observations/Number of observations

Front 273

Median

Back 273

The number that divides the data in half

Front 274

Mode

Back 274

The number with the highest frequency

Front 275

Range

Back 275

Highest score - lowest score

Front 276

Standard deviation

Back 276

The square root of the variance

Front 277

Variance

Back 277

The square of the standard deviation (or, to put it another way, the standard deviation times the standard deviation)

Front 278

z-score

Back 278

Your score minus the mean/standard deviation

Front 279

Determinism

Back 279

Every event has a cause.

Striving for immediate causes rather than searching for final causes.

Front 280

Free Will

Back 280

Behavior is due to a person's decision not external determinants.

Front 281

Mind-Body (Mind-Brain)

Back 281

Relationship between mind and body.

Front 282

Dualism

Back 282

Mind is seperate from brain.

Mind Controls the brain and body.

Front 283

Monism

Back 283

Conscious experience is inseperable from the physical brain.

Front 284

Nature-Nurture

Back 284

Determines roles of heredity and environment in expression of particular behaviors.

Front 285

William Wundt

Back 285

1st Psych lab in Germany in 1879.; Experiments have 2 elements (Feeling,Sensations).

Front 286

Edward Titchener

Back 286

Cornell University in 1892.; Nature of mental experiences.

Front 287

Structuralism

Back 287

Present stimuli and subjects describe features.

Front 288

William James

Back 288

Founder of american psychology.; Harvard University.; Concerned with actions the mind performs.

Front 289

Functionalism

Back 289

How the mind produces various behaviors.

Front 290

Biological

Back 290

Genetic factors (Drugs,Genetics)

Front 291

Behavioral

Back 291

Result of past actions, not what they think.

Front 292

Determinist

Back 292

Behavior can be understood with scientific methods.

Front 293

Jacques Loeb

Back 293

Simple responses to simple stimuli.; Tested this in animals.

Front 294

Stimulus Response Psychology

Back 294

Behavior is how a stimulus triggers a response.

Front 295

B.F. Skinner

Back 295

Describing what someone did, not guessing what he was trying to do.

Front 296

John Watson

Back 296

Founder of Behaviorism.; Environment molds behavior.

Front 297

Cognitive

Back 297

Thinking processes and aquiring knowledge.

Front 298

Humanistic

Back 298

Consciousness, values and beliefs.

Front 299

Peak Experiences

Back 299

Person feels fulfilled and content.

Front 300

Carl Rogers

Back 300

Viewed humans as basically good.

Front 301

Self-Actualization

Back 301

Striving for ones full potential.

Front 302

Unconditional Positive Regard

Back 302

Accepting someone as they are.

Front 303

Basic needs, safety, psychological needs, then self-actualization.

Back 303

Hierarchy of Needs/

Abraham Maslow

Front 304

Psychodynamic

Back 304

Uncovering underlying drives and motivations.

Front 305

Sigmund Freud

Back 305

Sexual motivation to explain behavior.

Front 306

Carl Jung

Back 306

Guided by individuals ancestors.; Saw humans as basically good.

Front 307

Alfred Adler

Back 307

Guided by ambitions.

Front 308

Research Methods

Back 308

1.)Develop Hypothesis

2.)Test Hypothesis

3.)Measure Results

4.)Develop Conclusions

Front 309

Population

Back 309

Entire group being tested.

Front 310

Representative Sample

Back 310

Closely resembles the population.

Front 311

Random Sample

Back 311

Everyone has equal chance of being selected.

Front 312

Experimenter Bias

Back 312

Experimenter unintentionally distorts procedures or expected outcome.

Front 313

Blind Observer

Back 313

Observer records data without knowing predictions.

Front 314

Placebo

Back 314

Pill with no known pharmacological effects.

Front 315

Single-Blind Study

Back 315

Either observer or participants are unaware who received which treatment.

Front 316

Double-Blind Study

Back 316

Both observers and participants are unaware of who received treatments.

Front 317

Naturalistic Observation

Back 317

Study subjects in natural conditions.

Front 318

Case History

Back 318

In depth description of individual.

Front 319

Surveys

Back 319

Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through responses to questions.

Front 320

Correlation

Back 320

Measure relationship between 2 variables.

Front 321

Correlation Study

Back 321

Measure 2 variables without controlling either.

Front 322

Correlation Coefficient

Back 322

Mathematical relationship between 2 variables.+1 to -1.

Front 323

Experiment

Back 323

Investigator manipulates at least 1 variable.; Can prove cause and effect.

Front 324

Independent Variable

Back 324

Experimenter changes or controls.

Front 325

Dependent Variable

Back 325

Item measured to see how it is affected.

Front 326

Informed Consent

Back 326

Told what is expected and agree to continue with study.

Front 327

Confidentiality

Back 327

Must be ensured among participants.

Front 328

Neuron

Back 328

Contains a Cell body, Dendrites, and an Axon.

Front 329

Myelin

Back 329

Insulator that aids in the transmission of impulses along an axon.

Front 330

Action Potential

Back 330

Axons send information with electrical and chemical processes called?

An on off switch

Front 331

Synapse

Back 331

Area between 2 neurons where one either excites or inhibits the next.

Front 332

Neurotransmitters

Back 332

Chemicals stored in the neuron and activate receptors of other neurons.

Front 333

Central Nervous System

Back 333

Brain and spinal cord that communicates with the body.

Front 334

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 334

Bundles of axons between spinal cord and the body.

Front 335

Somatic Nervous System

Back 335

Peripheral nerves that communicate with the skin and muscles.

Front 336

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 336

Controls internal organs and is involuntary.

Front 337

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 337

2chanins of neurons to the left and right side of the spinal cord.; Fight or Flight.

Front 338

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 338

Axons extending from medulla and spinal cord to neurons near the internal organs.; Non-Emergency functions.

Front 339

Endocrine System

Back 339

Set of glands producing hormones and releasing them into the blood.

Front 340

Hormones

Back 340

Chemicals released by glands, and travel in the blood to other body parts.

Front 341

Midbrain

Back 341

Where are the Medulla and Pons located?

Front 342

Reticular Formation

Back 342

What regulates overall arousal of the brain?

Front 343

Cerebellum

Back 343

Controls rapid actions such as dribbling a basketball.; Located in the hindbrain.

Front 344

Cerebral Cortex

Back 344

Outer surface of the forebrain.; 2 Hemispheres.; Sensation and motor control.; Gray Matter.

Front 345

Occipital Lobe

Back 345

Specializes in vision.

Front 346

Parietal Lobe

Back 346

Specializes in touch, pain, temp. and awareness of body parts.

Front 347

Temporal Lobe

Back 347

Processing area for hearing and complex vision.

Front 348

Frontal Lobe

Back 348

Controls fine movements.

Front 349

Corpus Callosum

Back 349

Set of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.

Front 350

Epilepsy

Back 350

Condition where neurons in the brain emit abnormal spontaneous impulses.

Front 351

CT (Computerized Axial Tomography)

Back 351

A scan where x-rays pass through the head and dyes increase contrast between fluids and brain cells.

Front 352

PET Scan (Positron-Emmision Tomography)

Back 352

A high resolution image of the brain recording radioactivity of injected chemicals.

Front 353

MRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Back 353

Uses magnetic detectors to record scans of the brain.; Active area of brain has less oxygen recorded.

Front 354

Completely Blind

Back 354

What occurs to someone who damages the entire primary cortex?

Front 355

Faceblindness

Back 355

Damage to the inferior temporal cortex would cause?

Front 356

Color Constancy

Back 356

Damage to part of the color pathway causes?; Definition: Recognizing colors after light changes.

Front 357

Unilateral Neglect

Back 357

Causes neglect of the opposite side of the body.

Front 358

Chromosomes

Back 358

Located in the nucleus.; Chemical basis for heredity.

23 individual or 23 paired.

Front 359

Zygote

Back 359

A fertilized egg.

Front 360

Genes

Back 360

Sections along a chromosome.; Direct someones development.

Front 361

DNA

Back 361

A chemical that controls the production of RNA.

Front 362

RNA

Back 362

A chemical that controls the production of protein.

Front 363

Homozygous

Back 363

Two genes of a pair that are the same.

Front 364

Heterozygous

Back 364

Two genes of a pair that are different.

Front 365

Sex Chromosomes

Back 365

Chromosomes that determine the sex. XX=female; XY=male

Front 366

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 366

A disease resulting in progressive memory loss.

Front 367

Huntington's Disease

Back 367

Disease resulting in loss of muscle control.

Front 368

Hereditability

Back 368

An estimation of the variation of a population due to heredity.; From 0=not due to heredity or 1=due to heredity.

Front 369

Monozygotic Twins

Back 369

Identical heredity.

Front 370

Dizygotic Twins

Back 370

Similar genetic makeup.

Front 371

Evolution

Back 371

Changes in gene frequencies of a species.

Front 372

Natural Selection

Back 372

When individuals with certain characteristics reproduce more successfully, then future generations resemble those.

Front 373

Receptors

Back 373

Cells that convert energies into signals from the nervous system.

Front 374

Retina

Back 374

Visual receptors covering the back of the eyeball.

Front 375

Cornea

Back 375

A rigid, transparent structure on the outer surface of the eyeball.

Front 376

Presbyopia

Back 376

Decreased flexibility in the lens resulting in difficulty focusing close up.

Front 377

Myopia

Back 377

Elongation of the eyeballs resulting in nearsightedness.

Front 378

Hyperopia

Back 378

Flattened eyeballs resulting in farsightedness.

Front 379

Glaucoma

Back 379

An increase in pressure in the eyeball.

Front 380

Cataract

Back 380

When the lens in the eye becomes cloudy.

Front 381

Fovea

Back 381

Central area of the retina.; For highly detailed vision.

Front 382

Dark Adaptation

Back 382

Gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light.

Front 383

Bipolar Cells

Back 383

Cells that make contact with other neurons.; Vision

Front 384

Ganglion Cells

Back 384

Recieve input from bipolar cells.

Front 385

Optic Nerve

Back 385

Ganglion cell axons join to form?

Front 386

Trichromatic Theory or Young-Helmholtz Theory

Back 386

Theory that receptor respond to 3 colors.; Blue, Red, and Green.

Front 387

Opponent Process Theory

Back 387

Vision is paired opposites.; red-green, yellow-blue, white-black.

Front 388

Negative (Color) Afterimages

Back 388

Seeing one color after removing the other color.

Front 389

Retinex Theory

Back 389

Perceiving a color in the cerebral cortex camparison of retinal patterns.

Front 390

Color Blindness

Back 390

Cannot tell one color from another.

Front 391

Sound waves

Back 391

Vibrations of air or other medium.

Front 392

Hertz

Back 392

The frequency of a sound.

Front 393

Pitch

Back 393

Perception of sound.

Front 394

Loudness

Back 394

The amplitude of sound waves.

Front 395

Cochlea

Back 395

Snail shaped organ with fluid filled canals and contain receptors for hearing.

Front 396

Basilar Membrane

Back 396

Structure within the Cochlea that contains hair cells.

Front 397

Conduction Deafness

Back 397

Failure of the bones in the ear that cannot transmit sound to the Cochlea.

Front 398

Nerve Deafness

Back 398

Damage to the Cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve.

Front 399

Frequency Principle

Back 399

Basiliar membrane produces movement at the same frequency of the sound.

Front 400

Vestibular Sense

Back 400

Structure in the inner ear.; Balance and posture.

Front 401

Cutaneous Senses

Back 401

Feeling of warmth, skin pressure, cold, pain, etc.

Front 402

Somatosensory System

Back 402

Refers to the body-sensory system.

Front 403

Endorphins

Back 403

A neurotransmitter that inhibits release of substance P and decreases pain.

Front 404

Olfaction

Back 404

Sense of smell.

Front 405

Kinesthesis

Back 405

Sense of position of the head and limbs in relation to the trunk.

Front 406

Vestibular Sacs

Back 406

Receptors for orientation and movement that are located in fluid filled sacs and contain hair cells.

Front 407

Transduction

Back 407

When hair cells are bent by body tilt a neual impulse is?

Front 408

Sensory Threshold

Back 408

Intensity someone can detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

Front 409

Absolute Threshold

Back 409

The time of maximum dark adaptation.

Front 410

Subliminal Perception

Back 410

Stimuli that can affect behavior even when we do not consciously perceive message.

Front 411

Visual Constancy

Back 411

Tendency to perceive and object even when what strikes the retina changes.

Front 412

Shape and Size Constancy

Back 412

Two kinds of Visual Constancy.

Front 413

Induced Movement

Back 413

An object incorrectly perceived to be moving against a stationary background.

Front 414

Stroboscopic Movement

Back 414

Illusion of movement by a rapid succession of stationary images.

Front 415

Depth Perception

Back 415

Perception of distance.

Front 416

Binocular Cues

Back 416

Movement of both eyes.

Front 417

Monocular

Back 417

Perceive depth and distance with one eye.

Front 418

Visual Cliff

Back 418

Determines the development of monocular depth perception.

Front 419

Optical Illusions

Back 419

The misrepresentation of a visual stimulus.

Front 420

Circadian Rhythms

Back 420

A rhythm of activity and inactivity.

Front 421

Jet Lag

Back 421

When you travel and your internal clock is out of sync.

Front 422

Repair and Restoration Theory

Back 422

Sleep that enables the body to recover from the exertions of the day.

Front 423

Energy-Conservation Theory

Back 423

Sleeping and walking in order to conserve fuel and protect us from danger.

Front 424

REM Sleep

Back 424

Eyes move rapidly, and this sleep is light and heavy sleep.

Front 425

Sigmund Freud

Back 425

A theorist that believes dreams reveal unconscious thoughts and motivations.

Front 426

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Back 426

Dreams are accidental by-products of arousal during REM sleep.

Front 427

Neurocognitive Theory

Back 427

Believes dreams are a form of thinking and not overridden by sensory control.

Front 428

Insomnia

Back 428

Lack of sleep.

Front 429

Sleep Apnea

Back 429

Irregular or no breathing during sleep.

Front 430

Narcolepsy

Back 430

Abnormal sleep pattern with extreme sleepiness during the day.

Front 431

Sleep Talking

Back 431

Unsettling experiences while sleeping resulting in talking.

Front 432

Sleep Walking

Back 432

Occurs in stage 4 sleep and lasts for less than 15 minutes.

Front 433

Nightmare

Back 433

An unpleasant dream.

Front 434

Night Terrors

Back 434

State of extreme panic during sleep.

Front 435

Hypersomnia

Back 435

Excessive unrefreshing sleep.

Front 436

Hypnosis

Back 436

Condition of increased suggestibility

Front 437

Posthypnotic Suggestion

Back 437

A suggestion an individual performs after coming out of hypnosis.

Front 438

Meditation

Back 438

Induced relaxation with special techniques.

Front 439

Alcohol

Back 439

A class of molecules including methanol, ethanol,and propylalcohol.

Front 440

Tranquilizers

Back 440

A medication that helps people calm down and relax.

Front 441

Opiates

Back 441

A medication that causes individuals to feel happy, warm, and content without anxiety and pain.

Front 442

Marijuana

Back 442

A medication resulting in intesification of sensory experiences, drowsiness, and time passing slow. THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)

Front 443

Stimulants

Back 443

A medication that increases energy, alertness and results in pleasant feelings.

Front 444

Hallucinogens

Back 444

Drugs responsible for inducing sensory distortions.; LSD, PCP.

Front 445

Behaviorists

Back 445

Psychologists that believe you should only study observable, measureable behaviors. Not mental processes.

Front 446

Ivan Pavlov

Back 446

Russian Scientist.; Experimented with dogs to prove conditioning.

Front 447

Classical Conditioning

Back 447

Learning a new response by pairing 2 stimuli.; A neutral stimulus and 1 that already evoked a response.

Front 448

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 448

Something that automatically elicits an unconditioned response.

Front 449

Unconditioned Response

Back 449

The action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits.

Front 450

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 450

A stimulus in which can be controlled such as a buzzer.

Front 451

Conditioned Response

Back 451

The response the conditioned stimulus elicits as a result of training.

Front 452

Acquisition

Back 452

A process that strengthens a conditioned response.

Front 453

Extinction

Back 453

Repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.; When responses stop producing reinforcements.

Front 454

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 454

Temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay.

Front 455

Discrimination

Back 455

Responding differently to the 2 stimuli based on the result that follow from each.

Front 456

Stimulus Generalization

Back 456

The extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to a similar stimulus.

Front 457

Temporal Contiguity

Back 457

What is the term for the definition nearness in time?

Front 458

Contingency

Back 458

Predictability that the unconditioned stimulus is more likely to occur after the conditioned stimulus than otherwise.

Front 459

Edward L. Thorndike

Back 459

The psychologist that studied cats that were placed in a box and had to escape.

Front 460

Reinforcement

Back 460

An event that increases the future probability of the most recent response.

Front 461

Law of Effect

Back 461

Responses that closely follow reinforcement will be connected with the situation.

Front 462

Operant Conditioning

Back 462

The changing of a behavior by providing reinforcement; after a response.

Front 463

Visceral Responses

Back 463

Responses that include salivation, digestion and affect internal organs. (Classical Conditioning)

Front 464

Skeletal Responses

Back 464

Responses that include muscles of the body.; (Operant Conditioning)

Front 465

Stimulus Generalization

Back 465

More similar a stimulus is to the original stimulus the more strongly the subjest is to respond.

Front 466

Discriminative Stimulus

Back 466

A stimulus designating which response is appropriate or not.

Front 467

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

Back 467

A change in electrical activity of the skin when under stess.

Front 468

B.F. Skinner

Back 468

Used rats to prove operant conditioning in a Box.

Front 469

Shaping

Back 469

Using successive approximations to change behavior.

Front 470

Chaining

Back 470

Reinforcing each behavior with the opportunity to engage in the next behavior.

Front 471

Positive Reinforcement

Back 471

When an event presented strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Front 472

Punishment

Back 472

A response followed by a negative reinforcement.

Front 473

Omission Training

Back 473

The lack of response leads to reinforcement.

Front 474

Escape Learning

Back 474

The avoidance of a painful circumstance.

Front 475

Negative Reinforcement

Back 475

Reinforcement of the response by absence of pain.

Front 476

Premack Principle

Back 476

Exhibit frequent behavior serves as a reinforcer for any less frequent behavior.; David Premack.

Front 477

Unconditioned Reinforcers

Back 477

A reinforcer that is reinforcing because of their own properties.

Front 478

Condtioned Reinforcers

Back 478

A reinforcer that reinforces because of their; prior connection with an unconditioned reinforcer.

Front 479

Latent Learning

Back 479

What provides evidence that operant conditioning does more than increase behavioral frequencies?

Front 480

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 480

Reinforcement occurs for every accurate response exhibited.

Front 481

Intermittent Reinforcement

Back 481

Reinforcement for some responses but not for others.

Front 482

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Back 482

Reinforcement only after a predetermined number of correct responses.

Front 483

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Back 483

Reinforcement after a variable number of correct responses.

Front 484

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Back 484

Reinforcement for the first response after a specified time interval.

Front 485

Variable-Interval Schedule

Back 485

Reinforcement after a variable amount of time has lapsed.

Front 486

Applied Behavior Analysis or Behavior Modification

Back 486

Attempting to change a subjects behavior through reinforcement techniques.

Front 487

Social-Learning Approach

Back 487

Learning about behaviors even before trying them for the first time.; Albert Bandura

Front 488

Self-Efficacy

Back 488

The perception that you can successfully perform a task.

Front 489

Sensory Store

Back 489

Very brief storage of sensory information.

Front 490

Short-Term Memory

Back 490

Temporary storage of information someone has just experienced.

Front 491

Long-Term Memory

Back 491

More permanent storage of meaningful information and may last a lifetime.

Front 492

Recall

Back 492

To produe it?

Front 493

Cued Recall

Back 493

An individual; receives hints about material to help recall it.

Front 494

Retrieval Cue

Back 494

An association that elicits the memory.

Front 495

Chunking

Back 495

Organizing information into familiar or meaningful units.

Front 496

Declarative Memory

Back 496

The ability to state a fact.

Front 497

Procedural Memory

Back 497

A memory of a skill.

Front 498

Levels-of-Processing Principle

Back 498

The ease to retrieve a memory depends on the number and type of associations formed.

Front 499

Shallow Processing

Back 499

Skimming something is harder for you to remember.

Front 500

Deeper Level of Processing

Back 500

Reading something then thinking about it in different ways.

Front 501

SPAR Method

Back 501

Survey

Process Meaningfully

Ask Questions

Review

Front 502

Serial-Order Effect

Back 502

Remembering a few words from a list usually the first and the last few.

Front 503

Primary Effect

Back 503

Tendency to remember the first few items on the list.

Front 504

Recency Effect

Back 504

Remembering the last items on a list.

Front 505

Retrieval Cues

Back 505

Information that may help regain memory at a later time.

Front 506

Encoding Specificity Principle

Back 506

An association formed at time of learning to help retrieve it later.

Front 507

State Dependent Memory

Back 507

Being in the same condition when original learning took place.

Front 508

Mnemonic Device

Back 508

A memory aid bases on encoding each item in a special way.

Front 509

Amnesia

Back 509

Severe loss or deterioration of memory.

Front 510

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 510

Damage to the hippocampus causes difficulty storing long term memories known as?

Front 511

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 511

Loss of memory surrounding events just before brain damage.

Front 512

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Back 512

Prolonged vitamin D deficiency due to alcoholism causes what?

Front 513

Explicit Memory

Back 513

Recognition that someone is using their own memory.

Front 514

Implicit or Indirect Memory

Back 514

Does not require any recognition that someone is using their own memory.

Front 515

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 515

A degenerative condition that destroys brain cells and impair memory.

Front 516

Reconstruction

Back 516

Use this to fill in the blanks of a forgotten memory.

Front 517

Hindsight Bias

Back 517

Used to mold the recollection of an event to fit how the event actually turned out.

Front 518

Repression

Back 518

Moving a memory from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind.

Front 519

Cognition

Back 519

Thinking or gaining knowledge.

Front 520

Categorization

Back 520

Using categories to define objects.

Front 521

Cognitive Maps

Back 521

Mental images that resemble vision.

Front 522

Attention

Back 522

A serial process.; You must attend to one part after another in series.

Front 523

Stroop Effect

Back 523

The difficulty in naming a color when it is written in a different color.

Front 524

Problem Solving

Back 524

Understanding the problem

Generating a hypothesis

Test the hypothesis

Cheking the results

Front 525

Productivity

Back 525

The ability to express a variety of ideas.

Front 526

Transformational Grammer

Back 526

A system involving converting a deep structure into a surface structure.; Not memorzing sentences but using rules to make your own.

Front 527

Areas of the brain important for language.

Back 527

Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area.

Front 528

Broca's Aphasia

Back 528

Inarticulate speech and trouble using and understanding grammer.

Front 529

Wernicke's Aphasia

Back 529

Problems recalling names and comprehension impairment.

Front 530

1-Understand and say 1-2 words

2-Say a few words. 50

3-Phrases of 2+ words

4-Full sentences.

Back 530

1-1st year of life

2-18 months

3-2nd year

4-2.5 to 3 years

Front 531

Phoneme

Back 531

A unit of sound.; One type of cluster.

Front 532

Morpheme

Back 532

A unit of meaning.; One type of cluster.

Front 533

Fixations

Back 533

During reading when the eyes are not moving.

Front 534

Saccades

Back 534

During reading the eyes move from one fixation point to another.

Front 535

Intelligence

Back 535

The ability to cope with the environment.

Front 536

Psychometric Approach

Back 536

Measuring someones differences in behaviors and abilities.; Charles Spearman.

Front 537

Fluid Intelligence

Back 537

The power to reason and use information.

Front 538

Crystallized Intelligence

Back 538

Already acquired knowledge and the ability to use that knowledge.

Front 539

Multiple Intelligences

Back 539

Various unrelated forms of intelligence.

Front 540

Triarchic Theory

Back 540

3 aspects of intelligence.

1-Cognitive processes.

2-Situations that require intelligence.

3-How intelligence relates to the world.

Front 541

Mentally retarded

Back 541

Someone who falls 2 standard deviations below the mean can be classified as?

Front 542

Drive

Back 542

Motivation is described as a?

Front 543

Drive-Reduction Theory

Back 543

Striving to reduce needs and drives as much as possible.

Front 544

Homeostasis

Back 544

The maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions.

Front 545

Incentive Theories

Back 545

External stimuli that influence individuals toward certain actions.

Front 546

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 546

A motivation to act for its own sake.

Front 547

Extrinsic Motivation

Back 547

Motivation that involves reinforcements and punishments that may accompany the act.

Front 548

What are the 2 types of motivation?

Back 548

Primary-Biological needs

Secondary-Learned experiences

Front 549

Glucose

Back 549

Short-term hunger regulation:

Most abundant sugar in the body.; Energy Source

Front 550

Insulin

Back 550

Short-term hunger regulation:

A hormone that increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into the body cells.

Front 551

Leptin

Back 551

Long-term hunger regulation:

A hormone produced by the bodys fat cells which changes the activity in the hypothalamus causing faster hunger satisfaction.

Front 552

Obesity

Back 552

Accumulation of excessive body fat.

20-40% mild

41-100% moderate

Front 553

Hunger

Back 553

The lateral hypothalamus controls what?

Front 554

Areas of the hypothalamus that help end meals.

Back 554

Ventromedial-damage causes faster digestion.

Paraventricular-damage leads to normal frequency of meals but they are enormous

Front 555

Set Point

Back 555

A level that the body attempts to maintain is called the?

Front 556

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 556

A condition involving starvation, refusing to eat food, and steady weight loss.

Front 557

Bulimia

Back 557

Alternating between self-starvation and excessive eating is?

Front 558

Alfred Kinsey

Back 558

Who conducted the first important survey of human sexual behavior?

Front 559

The four phases of sexual arousal.

Back 559

Excitement

Plateau

Orgasm

Resolution



(EPOR or ROPE)

Front 560

Gender Identity

Back 560

What defines the sex that a person views himself or herself to be?

Front 561

Sexual Orientation

Back 561

A persons preference for a male or female partner, both, or neither is?

Front 562

Fear of Failure

Back 562

People with low achievement motivation often have a?

Front 563

Scientific-Management Approach

Back 563

What approach views employees as lazy and uncreative?

Front 564

Human-Relations Approach

Back 564

What approach allows employees to take responsibility, have job variety and feel accomplishment?

Front 565

Emotional Intelligence

Back 565

The ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and use that info. in decision making.

Front 566

James-Lange Theory

Back 566

What theory says a persons interpretation of a stimulus trigger autonomic nervous system changes?

Front 567

Canon-Bard Theory

Back 567

What theory states that emotions is independent of the autonomic aspect?

Front 568

Schachter and Singer

Back 568

What theory says the degree of the sympathetic system determines the emotional intensity but not the type of emotion?

Front 569

Robert J. Sternberg created a triangular theory of love which is?

Back 569

Intimacy

Passion

Commitment

Front 570

Consummate Love

Back 570

What develops when all 3 points of the love triangle come together?

Front 571

Positive Psychology

Back 571

Martin Seligman encourages things that enrich our lives such as hope, courage, responsibility, etc.; What is this called?

Front 572

A self evaluation of one's life

Back 572

Most american researchers focus on Subjective Well Being which means?

Front 573

Stress

Back 573

A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it.

Front 574

Alarm

Back 574

The first stage of stress resulting in a high arousal.

Front 575

Resistance

Back 575

Second stage of stress is a prolonged but moderate arousal is?

Front 576

Exhaustion

Back 576

Third stage of stress is very intense and long lasting is called?

Front 577

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Back 577

A type of stress that occurs in violent situations such as war and rape.

Front 578

Type A

Back 578

What type of personality do people have that are competitive, impatient, and are angry and hostile?

Front 579

Type B

Back 579

What type of personality do people have that are easy-going, less hostile, and less hurried?

Front 580

Zygote

Back 580

A fertizlized egg is a?

Front 581

Blastula, Gastrula, Embryo

Back 581

A Zygote goes through several stages between 2 and 8 weeks which are?

Front 582

Habituation

Back 582

An infants decreased response to a repeated stimulus.

Front 583

Dishabituation

Back 583

An infants stimulus change that produces an increase in a previously habituated response is a?

Front 584

Object Permanence

Back 584

Infants lack _____ which is the idea that objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen.

Front 585

Jean Piaget

Back 585

Who conducted experiments with children to uncover their development of thinking and reasoning?

Front 586

Schema

Back 586

An organized way of interacting with objects in the world.

Front 587

Assimilation

Back 587

When someone applies an old schema to new items.

Front 588

Accommodation

Back 588

When someone changes or modifies an old schema to fit a new item.

Front 589

Equilibration

Back 589

A level of harmony or balance between accommodation and assimilation that one tries to reach.

Front 590

What are the 4 stages of development?

Back 590

Sensorimotor (Birth-1.5 yrs)

Preoperational (1.5-7yrs)

Concrete Operational(7-11 yrs)

Formal Operational (11+)

Front 591

The distance between what children can do on their own and what they can do with help from other.

Back 591

Zone of Proximal Development



Lev Vygotsky- Characteristics of human thought: Language and symbols.

Front 592

According to Lawrence Kohlberg what are the levels of moral reasoning?

Back 592

Preconventional Morality

Conventional Morality

Postconventional Morality

Front 593

Cross-Sectional Study

Back 593

Comparison of groups or individuals of different ages at the same time.

Front 594

Cohort Effect

Back 594

People born in one era differ from people born in a different era.

Front 595

Longitudinal Studies

Back 595

A study in which a single group of people is followed over a time span.

Front 596

Selective Attrition

Back 596

Some people that are more likely to drop out of a study is called?

Front 597

Trust vs. Mistrust

Back 597

Infant wonders if the world is predictable and supportive.

Front 598

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Back 598

Toddler wonders can I do it for myself or do I need to rely on others?

Front 599

Initiative vs. Guilt

Back 599

Preschooler wonders "Am I good or bad?"

Front 600

Industry vs. Inferiority

Back 600

Children wonder "Am I a success or a failure?"

Front 601

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Back 601

Teens wonder "Who am I?"

Front 602

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Back 602

Young adults wonder if they want a relationship or to be alone.

Front 603

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Back 603

People in the late 20's wonder how they will contribute to society and will they succeed in life.

Front 604

Integrity vs. Despair

Back 604

Retirement ages reflect on their life and wonder if they have lived a full life or not.

Front 605

Attachment

Back 605

A long term feeling of closeness between people?

Front 606

Strange Situation

Back 606

A procedure where infants are given to and taken away from the mother and a stranger to determine their reaction?

Front 607

Securely Attached

Back 607

When an infant reacts with the mother.

Front 608

Anxiously Attached

Back 608

Infant responds to the mother with mixed emotions. (Anger and Happiness)

Front 609

Anxious and Avoidant

Back 609

Infant produces moments of apparent indifference.

Front 610

Disorganized Category

Back 610

The infant does not pay much attention to the mother.

Front 611

Identity Crisis

Back 611

An adoleschent's concerns with decisions about the future and himself.

Front 612

Identity Diffusion

Back 612

People who have not put serious thought into decisions and not a clear sense of identity?

Front 613

Identity Moratorium

Back 613

People that seriously consider issues but have not made any decisions?

Front 614

Identity Foreclosure

Back 614

People that are in a state of making a firm decision but haven't given much thought to the decision?

Front 615

Identity Achievement

Back 615

People who explore various identities then make their own decision?

Front 616

What are the 5 stages of death as stated by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross?

Back 616

Denial

Anger

Bargaining

Depression

Acceptance

Front 617

Temperament

Back 617

The tendency to be active or inactive, extroverted or reserved?

Front 618

Authoritative Parents

Back 618

A parenting style where high standards are set, yet they are warm and responsive to their children?

Front 619

Authoritarian Parents

Back 619

A parenting style where firm guideline are set, yet less emotionally responsive to the children?

Front 620

Permissive Parents

Back 620

A parenting style where no rules are set, yet they are warm and caring but don't place demands on the children?

Front 621

Indifferent or Uninvolved Parents

Back 621

A parenting style where they do not spend time with their children and only provide food and shelter?

Front 622

Acculturation

Back 622

The transition from feeling a part of ones own country to being comfortable in a new country.

Front 623

Biculturalism

Back 623

The ability to alternate between memberships in two countries.

Front 624

Jerome Kagan

Back 624

Who studied infant responses to measure their temperaments?

Front 625

Oedipus Complex

Back 625

Freud believed that boys develop a sexual intrest in their mother and aggression toward their father.; What is this called?

Front 626

The five psychosexual stages are?

Back 626

Oral

Anal

Phallic

Latency

Genital

Front 627

Oral Stage

Back 627

The 1st psychosexual stage from birth to 1yr. and enjoys sucking?

Front 628

Anal Stage

Back 628

Psychosexual stage from 1 to 3yrs. and enjoy stimulation of the sphincter. 2nd stage.

Front 629

Phallic Stage

Back 629

Psychosexual stage from about 3 where children play with their genitals and are sexually attracted to their opposite sex parent.; 3rd stage.

Front 630

Latency Period

Back 630

Psychosexual stage from about 5 or 6 where they supress their psychosexual intrest.; 4th stage.

Front 631

Genital Stage

Back 631

Psychosexual stage starting at puberty where there is a strong interest in the opposite sex.; 5th stage.

Front 632

The 3 Aspects of Personality

Back 632

Id: irrational & emotional.

Ego: Rational part of; personality.

Superego: moral aspect of personality.

Front 633

What are the 8 defense mechanisms?

Back 633

Repression

Denial

Rationalization

Displacement

Regression

Projection

Reaction Formation

Sublimation

Front 634

Repression

Back 634

The rejection of unacceptable thoughts and impulses to the unconscious?; Motivated Forgetting.

Front 635

Denial

Back 635

The refusal to believe information that leads to anxiety?

Front 636

Rationalization

Back 636

People attempt to prove that their behaviors are justifiable?

Front 637

Displacement

Back 637

The moving away or diversion of a behavior or thought from it's regular target to a less threatening one?

Front 638

Regression

Back 638

When people return to a more juvenile level of functioning?

Front 639

Projection

Back 639

When people attribute their own unacceptable characteristics to other people?

Front 640

Reaction Formation

Back 640

To keep unacceptable qualities repressed?

Front 641

Sublimation

Back 641

The transformation of sexual or aggressive impulses into acceptable, even admired qualities?

Front 642

Neo-Freudians

Back 642

This group of individuals considered parts of Freud's theory valid, while they modified other aspects?

Front 643

Collective Unconsciousness

Back 643

Carl Jung believed this was present at birth and represents the cumulative experience of previous generations?

Front 644

Archetypes

Back 644

Images that are inherited from the experiences of ancestors, are contained in the collective unconsciousness?

Front 645

Individual Psychology

Back 645

Psychology of the whole person, not just parts.

Alfred Adler.

Front 646

Inferiority Complex

Back 646

An exaggerated feeling of failure and helplessness?

Front 647

Strive for Superiority

Back 647

A drive to seek personal excellence and fulfillment?

Front 648

Social Interest

Back 648

A personality style that has concern for others?

Front 649

Humanistic Psychology

Back 649

A form of psychology that deals with consciousness, values, and abstract beliefs?

Front 650

Carl Rogers

Back 650

One of the most influential humanistic psychologists.; Self-actualization and self-concept?

Front 651

Sigmund Freud

Back 651

Believed in the stages of sexual development, personality structure, and defense mechanisms?

Front 652

Nomothetic Approach

Back 652

When researchers seek generalities about how an aspect of personality affects behavior?

Front 653

Idiographic Approach

Back 653

An approach that focuses on intensive studies of individuals?

Front 654

Trait

Back 654

A long lasting behavioral tendency?

Front 655

State

Back 655

A temporary expression of behavior?

Front 656

Trait Approach

Back 656

An approach that people have consistent personality characteristics such as honesty, friendliness, and nervouseness that can be studied?

Front 657

What are the Big 5 personality traits?

Back 657

Neuroticism

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Openness

Front 658

Neuroticism

Back 658

A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily?

Front 659

Extraversion

Back 659

Seeks stimulation and enjoys being with other people?

Front 660

Agreeableness

Back 660

Compassionate toward others?

Front 661

Conscientiousness

Back 661

Shows self-discipline and strive for achievement?

Front 662

Openness

Back 662

The tendency to enjoy new intellectual experiences?

Front 663

What are the 4 Personality tests?

Back 663

1)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

2)16-PF Test (Personality Factors)

3)Rorschach Inkblot Test

4)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Front 664

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Back 664

The personality test that has true-false to measure personality dimensions such as paranoia and schizophrenia?

Front 665

16-PF Test

Back 665

A personality test that measures the aspects of normal personality? Measures 16 factors of personality traits.

Front 666

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Back 666

A personality test that is based on an individuals interpretations of ten ambiguous ink blots?

Front 667

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Back 667

A personality test of storytelling where clients are forced to discuss their problems?

Front 668

Abnormal Behavior

Back 668

A behavior that results in stress, pain, impairs functioning, or increases risk of death?

Front 669

Diagnostic Statistics Manual (DSM)

Back 669

A book of psychological disorders?

Front 670

Axis 1

Back 670

___ includes disorders after infancy and a great chance of healing such as ADD, Stuttering, etc.

Front 671

Axis 2

Back 671

___ includes disorders that last a lifetime such as mental retardation and personality disorders.

Front 672

Axis 3

Back 672

___ evaluates medical conditions such as diabetes and cirrhosis of the liver.

Front 673

Axis 4

Back 673

___ includes psycosocial and environmental problems such as stress.

Front 674

Axis 5

Back 674

___ provides a global assessment or overall level of functioning.

Front 675

Anxiety

Back 675

A state of fear and apprehension that affects different areas of functioning.

Front 676

Anxiety Disorder

Back 676

Lingering, constantly present and includes attacks of severe anxiety.

Front 677

Panic Disorder

Back 677

A disorder causing sudden anxiety at an unbearable level.

Front 678

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 678

A constant prescence of excessive and exaggerated anxiety.

Front 679

Obsession

Back 679

A repetitive thought that exists and continues to invade someones conscious mind.

Front 680

Compulsion

Back 680

A repetitive action that someone has no conscious desire to repeat.

Front 681

When someone interupts their activities to check to make sure something is done.

Back 681

What is a checking ritual?

Front 682

An obsession with the idea of contamination.

Back 682

What is a cleaning ritual?

Front 683

Affective Disorders

Back 683

A disorder in which someone has extreme moods and mood swings that result in disruption of their lives.

Front 684

Major Depressive Disorder

Back 684

A disorder having one or more major depressive episodes without manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes.

Front 685

Dysthymia

Back 685

A mild condition of depression is called?

Front 686

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Back 686

Depression with a seasonal pattern.

Front 687

Bipolar Disorder

Back 687

An affective disorder that is both depressive and manic.

Front 688

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Back 688

A brief shock across the head to induce a seizure.

Front 689

Positive (present) Symptoms

Back 689

Behaviors that are present such as hallucinations, delusions, etc.

Front 690

Negative (absent) Symptoms

Back 690

Behaviors; that are absent such as speech deficits, emotional expressions, etc.

Front 691

What are the 4 types of schizophrenia?

Back 691

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

Catatonic Schizophrenia

Disorganized Schizophrenia

Paranoid Schizophrenia

Front 692

Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

Back 692

A hypothesis of when schizophrenia starts at birth due to poor nourishment, weight, difficult pregnancy, etc.

Front 693

Amnesia

Back 693

The forgetting of past events and experiences.

Front 694

Psychogenic Amnesia

Back 694

A form of amnesia that appears suddenly after trauma and then suddenly disappears.

Front 695

Psychogenic Fugue

Back 695

When a person forgets their identity and then assumes a new identity.

Front 696

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Back 696

A condition where the person alternates between two identities.

Front 697

Depersonalization

Back 697

A disorder that is characterized by a disruption of personal identity.; A feeling of strangeness to himself.

Front 698

Derealization

Back 698

When someone feels a strangeness about the world.

Front 699

Hypochondriasis

Back 699

A condition of fear of having a disease.

Front 700

Paranoid, Schizotypal

Back 700

What disorder are classified as Cluster A disorders?

Front 701

Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic

Back 701

What disorder are classified as Cluster B disorders?

Front 702

Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

Back 702

What disorder are classified as Cluster C disorders?

Front 703

Psychotherapy

Back 703

A treatment of psychological disorders by the relationship between a Dr. and a client.

Front 704

Psychodynamic

Back 704

What approach to psychotherapy uncovers and resolves people's underlying drives and motives?

Front 705

Psychoanalysis

Back 705

A procedure to get thought into the conscious mind to help people understand their thoughts and actions.

Front 706

Cathartic

Back 706

Pent up emotions with dreams, unconscious thoughts and memories.

Front 707

Free Association

Back 707

When a client thinks of a problem and states everything that comes to mind without censoring.

Front 708

Dream Analysis

Back 708

A way to understand hidden or latent content represented symoblically in the persons actual experiences.

Front 709

Transference

Back 709

Exaggerated reactions of love or hate toward their therapist.

Front 710

Resistance

Back 710

A continued repression of material that interferes with the therapeutic goals.

Front 711

Incongruence

Back 711

What is the mismatch between their self-concept and their ideal self?

Front 712

Person-Centered Therapy

Back 712

The best version of humanistic therapy.; Non-directive.; Listens sympathetically.

Front 713

Aversion Therapy

Back 713

Using punishment to teach clients to dislike a stimulus.

Front 714

Systemic Desensitization

Back 714

A listing of anxiety-evoking situations from the most arousing to the least.

Front 715

Cognitive Therapy

Back 715

To change someones thoughts and beliefs to improve their mental health is?

Front 716

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

Back 716

A treatment based on the assumption that emotions are dependent on their internal cognition.

Front 717

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Back 717

A therapy that involves a combination of cognitive and behavior therapy.

Front 718

Norman Triplett

Back 718

investigated the effect of competition on performance;

found that people perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of others than when along

Front 719

William McDougall

Back 719

published the first textbooks on social psychology

Front 720

E.H. Ross

Back 720

published the first textbooks on social psychology

Front 721

Verplank

Back 721

showed that the course of a conversation changes dramatically upon the feeback (approval) of from others;; helped establish the reinforcement theory as an important perspective in stuyding social behavior

Front 722

reinforcement theory

Back 722

behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards

Front 723

Albert Bandura

Back 723

main figure in social learning theory;

proposed; that behavior is learned through imitatio

Front 724

role theory

Back 724

the perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles

Front 725

cognitive theory

Back 725

involves pereption, judgement, memories, and decision making

Front 726

attitudes

Back 726

include cognition or beliefs, feelings, and behavioral predisposition;

are typically expressed in opinion statements;

are likes and dislikes, affinties for and aversion to things, people, ideas, etc.

Front 727

consistency theories

Back 727

people prefer consistency, and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference

Front 728

Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory

Back 728

Cognitive dissoance is the conflic that u feel when your attitudes are not in synch with your behaviors. Engaging in behaviors that conflicts with an attitude may result in changing one's attitude so that it is consistent with the behavior.

Front 729

free-choice dissonant

Back 729

occurs in a situation where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives.

Front 730

post-decisional dissonance

Back 730

dissonance that emerges after a choice has been made

Front 731

spreading of alternatives

Back 731

the relative worth of the two alternatives is spread apart

Front 732

forced-compliance dissonance

Back 732

occurs when an individual is forced into having a maner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs or attitudes; the force may come from either anticipated punishment or reward

Front 733

overjustification effect

Back 733

If you reward people for something they already like doing, they may stop liking it.

Front 734

Carl Hovland's model

Back 734

deals with attitude change as a process of communicating a message with the intent to persuade someone

Front 735

sleeper effect

Back 735

The persuasive impact of the high credibility decreases over time, while the persuasive impact of the the low credibility source increases over time.

Front 736

two-sided messages

Back 736

contain arguments for and against a position

Front 737

cultural trisms

Back 737

beliefs that are seldom questioned

Front 738

William McGuire

Back 738

The innoculation procces against diseases in the body is anallogous to the mind--people can be inoculated against the attack of persuasive communications.

Front 739

belief perseverance

Back 739

People will hold beliefs even after they have been shown to be false.

Front 740

reactance

Back 740

When social pressure to behave in a particular way becomes so blatant that the person's sense of freedom is threatened, the person will tend to act in a way to reassert a sense of freedom.

Front 741

Leon Festinger's social comparison theory

Back 741

We are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourelves in relationship to other people.

Front 742

Stanly Schatcher

Back 742

found that greater anxiety does lead to greater desire to affiliate; a situation that provokes littely anxiety typially doe snot lead to a desire to affiliate.

Front 743

reciprocity hypothesis

Back 743

We tend to like peopl who indicate that they like us. We tend to dislike people who dislike us.

Front 744

Arnoson and Linder

Back 744

gain-loss principle

Front 745

refuted couterarguments

Back 745

inoculation against attacks on cultural truisms by first presenting arguments against the truism and then refuting the arguments

Front 746

social exchange theory

Back 746

assumes that a person weight the rewards and costs of interacting with another; the more the rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the other person

Front 747

equity theory

Back 747

we consider not only our own costs and rewards, but the costs and rewards of the other person; we prefer that our ratio of costs to rewards be qual to the other person's ratio

Front 748

need complementarity

Back 748

people choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other's needs; the person who likes to talk is completemented by the person who likes to listen

Front 749

attractiveness stereotype

Back 749

the tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attactive people

Front 750

mere exposure hypothesis

Back 750

mere repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for it; the more you see something, the more you like it

Front 751

Robert Zajonc

Back 751

key figure in mere exposure research

Front 752

altruism

Back 752

a form of helping behavior in which the person's intnent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself or herself

Front 753

helping behavior

Back 753

includes altruistic motiviations and behaviors that may be motivated by egoism or selfishness

Front 754

John Darley and Bibb Lantané

Back 754

research on bystander intervention

Front 755

pluralistic ignorance

Back 755

leading others to a defintion of an event as a nonemergency

Front 756

empathy

Back 756

the ablity to vicariously experience the emotions of another; thought to be a strong inlfluence on helping behavior

Front 757

Batson's empath-altruism model

Back 757

when faced with situations in which others may need help, people might feel distress (mental pain or anguish) and/or they might feel empathy; both these states are important, since either can determine helping behavior

Front 758

frustration-aggression

Back 758

when people are frustrated, they act aggressively; the strength of the frustration experienced is correlated with the levle of aggression observed

Front 759

Bandur's social learning theory

Back 759

aggression is learned through modelign or through reinforcement; aggressive behavior is selectively reinforced--people act aggressively because they expect some sor of reward for doing so

Front 760

modeling

Back 760

direct observation

Front 761

autokinetic effect

Back 761

if you stare at a point of light in a room that is otherwise completely dark, the light will appear to move

Front 762

Muzafer Sherif

Back 762

used the autokinetic effect to study conformity; found that individuals conformed to the group; their judgements converged on some group norm

Front 763

conformity

Back 763

yielding to group pressure when no explicit demand has been made to do so

Front 764

Asch

Back 764

compared length of lines; four that subjectis yieled to group pressure and chose incorrect line

Front 765

Milgram

Back 765

experimenter podded suject to give electric shock to other person; subjects shocekd person; majority continued shocking up to maximum voltage

Front 766

foot-in-the-door effect

Back 766

compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request

Front 767

door-in-the-face effect

Back 767

people who refurse a large intial request are more likely to agree to a later small request

Front 768

social perception

Back 768

the ways in which we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and of groups of people

Front 769

primary effect

Back 769

refers to those occassions when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions

Front 770

recency effect

Back 770

the most recent imformation we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressions

Front 771

attribution theory

Back 771

the tendency for indivuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior

Front 772

Fritz Heider

Back 772

one of the founding fathers of attributed theory; says that we are all naive amateur psychologists who attempt to discover causes and effects in events: dipositional causes and situational causes

Front 773

dispositional attribution

Back 773

related to the features of a person whose behavior is being considered

Front 774

situational attibution

Back 774

external and those that related to featurs of the surroundings

Front 775

fundamental attribution error

Back 775

when inferring the causes of others' behaviors, there is a general bias towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions

Front 776

M.J.Lerner

Back 776

studied the tendency of indivduals to believe in a just world

Front 777

just world

Back 777

good things would happen to good people, and bad things would happen to bad people

Front 778

Theodore Necomb

Back 778

studied political norms

Front 779

Edward Hall

Back 779

studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions

Front 780

proxemics

Back 780

the study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others

Front 781

Zajonc

Back 781

studied the mere exposure effect; resolved problems with the social faciliation effect by suggesting that the precence of others enhances the emission of dominant response and impairs the emission of nondominant responses

Front 782

social loafing

Back 782

a group phenomenon referring to the tendency for people tp ut forth less effort

Front 783

Philip Zimbardo

Back 783

found that people are more likely to commit acts when they feel anonymous within a social environment; performed prison simulation and used the concept of deindividuation to explain results

Front 784

deindividuation

Back 784

a loss of self-awareness and of personal identity

Front 785

Irving Janis

Back 785

developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decisions can sometimes go awry

Front 786

groupthink

Back 786

the tendency of decision making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information

Front 787

risky shift

Back 787

the finding that group decisions are riskier than the average of the individual choices (and this average riskiness of the individual choices can be considered to be an estimate of the group's original riskiness)

Front 788

value hypothesis

Back 788

the risky shift occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued

Front 789

group polarization

Back 789

a tendency for gorup discussion to ehance the group's intial tendencies towards riskiness or caution

Front 790

leadership

Back 790

leaders of groups engage in more communication than nonleader; research shows that by artificially increasing the amount a person speaks, that person's perceived leadership status also increases.

Front 791

Kurt Lewin

Back 791

divided leadership styles into 3 categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire

Front 792

laissez-faire group of leaders

Back 792

less effificent, less organized, and less satisfying than the democratic group

Front 793

autocratic group

Back 793

more hostile, more aggressive, and more dependet on their leader; greatest quantity of work

Front 794

democratic groups

Back 794

moe satisfying and more cohesive than autocratic groups; had greatest work motivation and interest

Front 795

cooperation

Back 795

persons acts together for their mutual benefit so that all of them can obtain a goal

Front 796

competition

Back 796

a person acts for his or her individual benefit so that he or she can obtain a goal that has limited availability

Front 797

prisoner's dilemma

Back 797

A given person gains most if he or she chooses to cooperate, and the other competes. Together, they lose the most if both compete. a given indivual loses the most if he or hse competes and the other cooperates.

Front 798

superordinate goals

Back 798

goals best obtained through intergroup cooperation

Front 799

Norman Triplett

Back 799

In 1898, N. Triplett published the first study of social psychology: finding that people perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of others rather than when alone.

Front 800

First textbooks on social psychology

Back 800

In 1908, psychologist William McDougall and sociologist E. H. Ross independently published the first textbooks on social psych.

Front 801

Verplank

Back 801

Experiments in 1950s suggested that social approval influences behavior, showing that the course of a conversation changes dramatically based on the feedback (approval) from others.

Front 802

Reinforcement theory

Back 802

Verplank, Pavlov, Thorndike, Hull, and Skinner helped to establish the theory that behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards.; Later challenged by social learning theorists.

Front 803

Social learning theory

Back 803

Bandura is a main figure in social learning theory, a response to reinforcement theory that proposes that behavior is learned through imitation.

Front 804

Role theory

Back 804

Bindle (1979) proposed role theory, that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles.

Front 805

Cognitive theory

Back 805

Cognitive theory has influenced social psychological theory and research by positing that perception, judgment, memories, and decision making (cognitive concepts) influence our understanding of social behavior.

Front 806

Attitudes

Back 806

Attitudes are central to modern social psychology.; Attitudes include cognition or beliefs, feelings, and behavioral predisposition, and are typically expressed in opinion statements.

Front 807

Consistency theory

Back 807

Consistency theories hold that people prefer consistency, and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference.

Front 808

Spreading of alternatives

Back 808

An approach to reducing dissonance by accentuating the positive in a decision and accentuating the negative in a "non-decision"-- so that the relative worth of the two alternatives is spread apart.

Front 809

Forced-compliance dissonance

Back 809

Forced-compliance dissonance occurs when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs or attitudes.; The force may come from either anticipated punishment or reward.

Front 810

Minimal justification effect

Back 810

When behavior can be justified by means of external inducements, there is no need to change internal cognitions.; However, when the external justification is minimal, you will reduce your dissonance by changing internal cognitions.

Front 811

Overjustification effect

Back 811

An implication of self-perception theory, the overjustification effect happens when you reward people for something they already like doing, and then they stop liking it.; Behavior is now attributed to external causes, rather than dispositional ones.

Front 812

Two-sided messages

Back 812

Two-sided messages contain arguments for and against a position, and are often used for persuasion, as they appear to be balanced.; News reporting has frequent instances of two-sided messages.

Front 813

Analogy of inoculation

Back 813

William McGuire uses the analogy of inoculation against diseases, that like the inoculation process in the body, people can be inoculated against the attack of persuasive communications.

Front 814

Cultural truisms

Back 814

Cultural truisms are axioms or norms that are seldom questioned.; McGuire used these to test his idea of inoculation against persuasive communications.

Front 815

Refuted counterarguments

Back 815

In the work of McGuire, the practice of inoculating people against attacks on cultural truisms by first presenting arguments against the truisms and then refuting the arguments.

Front 816

Belief perseverance

Back 816

Belief perseverance refers to the idea that under certain conditions, people will hold beliefs even after they have been shown to be false.

Front 817

Stanley Schachter

Back 817

Stanley Schachter found that greater anxiety leads to a greater desire to affiliate.; Thus, a situation that provokes little anxiety typically does not lead to a desire to affiliate.

Front 818

Gain-loss principle

Back 818

Aronson and Linder hypothesized a twist to the reciprocity hypothesis known as the gain-loss principle, that states that an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact on us than an evaluation that remains constant.

Front 819

Social exchange theory

Back 819

Social exchange theory assumes that a person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another.; The more the rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the other person.

Front 820

Equity theory

Back 820

Equity theory proposes that we consider not only our own costs and rewards, but the costs and rewards of the other person.

Front 821

Individual characteristics and affiliation

Back 821

Correlations have been found between affiliation and similarity of intelligence, attitudes, education, height, age, religion, SES, drinking habits, and mental health.

Front 822

Need complimentarity

Back 822

The claim that people choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other's needs.

Front 823

Attractiveness stereotype

Back 823

Research has repeatedly documented the potency of physical attractiveness as a determinant of attraction.; The attractiveness stereotype refers to the tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people.

Front 824

Factors in attraction

Back 824

Physical attractiveness, spatial proximity, and familiarity are all factors of attraction.

Front 825

Spatial proximity

Back 825

People will generally develop a greater liking for someone who lives within a few blocks than for someone who lives in a different neighborhood. Proximity may also increase the intensity of initial interactions.

Front 826

Mere exposure hypothesis

Back 826

Mere repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for it.; Robert Zajonc is a key figure in mere exposure research.

Front 827

Bystander intervention

Back 827

John Darley and Bibb Latane's research in response to the Kitty Genovese killing.; They interpreted that anyone in any emergency might decide not to help because of two situational factors, social influence and diffusion of responsibility.

Front 828

Social influence and pluralistic ignorance

Back 828

Social influence refers to the influence of other people.; The presence of others may lead to the interpretation of an event as a nonemergency.

Front 829

Diffusion of responsibility

Back 829

The more people present, the less the likelihood that any individual will offer help.

Front 830

Empathy

Back 830

Empathy is the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and is thought to be a strong influence on helping behavior.

Front 831

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Back 831

The frustration-aggression hypothesis is one possible explanation for aggressive behavior.; When people are frustrated, they act aggressively.; The strength of frustration experienced is correlated with level of aggression observed.

Front 832

Conformity

Back 832

Conformity has been defined as yielding to group pressure when no explicit demand has been made to do so.

Front 833

Stanley Milgram's obedience experiment

Back 833

Milgram looked at pressure to conform and obedience behavior.; Milgram's interpretation is that the drive to obey is stronger than the drive not to hurt someone against his will.

Front 834

Key experiments on conformity and obedience

Back 834

Sherif--autokinetic effect, Asch--comparing length of lines, Milgram--electric shocks

Front 835

Foot-in-the-door effect

Back 835

Compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request.

Front 836

Compliance

Back 836

Compliance is a change in behavior that occurs as a result of situational or interpersonal pressure.

Front 837

Door-in-the face effect

Back 837

The door-in-the face effect is one in which people who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a later smaller request.

Front 838

Self-perception

Back 838

Self-perception refers to how other people's views, our social roles, and our group memberships have an influence on our perceptions of ourselves.

Front 839

Dispositional causes

Back 839

Dispositional causes refer to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered, and include the beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics of the individual.

Front 840

Situational causes

Back 840

Situational causes are external and are those that relate to features of the surroundings.; Examples are threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure.

Front 841

Fundamental attribution error

Back 841

A bias that occurs in the attribution process where an individual is more likely to make a dispositional attribution rather than a situational one.

Front 842

Halo effect

Back 842

The halo effect is a tendency for bias in evaluations of other people that allows a general impression about a person to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person.

Front 843

M. J. Lerner

Back 843

M. J. Lerner studied the tendency of individuals to believe in a just world.; A strong belief in a just world increases the likelihood of "blaming the victim" since such a world view denies the possibility of innocent victims.

Front 844

Edward Hall

Back 844

Edward Hall suggested that there are cultural norms that govern how far away we stand from the people we're speaking to.

Front 845

Proxemics

Back 845

The study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others is called proxemics.

Front 846

Zajonc and dominant responses

Back 846

Zajonc argued that the presence of others increases arousal and consequently enhances the emission of dominant responses.

Front 847

Social loafing

Back 847

Social loafing is a group phenomenon referring to the tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group effort than when acting individually.

Front 848

Philip Zimbardo

Back 848

SPE.; Philip Zimbardo found that people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous within a social environment.

Front 849

Deindividuation

Back 849

Deindividuation refers to a loss of self-awareness and of personal identity.; Related to Zimbardo's SPE.

Front 850

Groupthink

Back 850

Groupthink refers to the tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information.

Front 851

Value hypothesis

Back 851

The value hypothesis suggests that the risky shift occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued.

Front 852

Cooperation and competition

Back 852

In cooperation, persons act together for their mutual benefit so that all of them can obtain a goal.; In competition, a person acts for his or her individual benefit so that he or she can obtain a goal that has limited availability.

Front 853

Robber's cave experiment

Back 853

Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues created hostilities through competition and then reduced the hostilities through cooperation using a boy's camp in Robber's Cave, OK.

Front 854

Superordinate goals

Back 854

Superordinate goals are goals that are best obtained through intergroup cooperation.; Joint effort on superordinate goals dramatically improve intergroup relations.

Front 855

Developmental psychology

Back 855

Developmental psychology describes and explains changes in human behavior over time.

Front 856

British empiricist school of thought

Back 856

John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley, David Hume, James Mill, and John Stuart Mill formed the British empiricist school of thought.; They believed that all knowledge is gained through experience.

Front 857

Tabula rasa

Back 857

Locke asserted that a child's mind is considered a tabula rasa, or a blank slate, at birth.; Children are born without predetermined tendencies and child development is completely reliant on experiences with the environment.

Front 858

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Back 858

Rousseau believed that society was not only unnecessary, but also a detriment to optimal development.; Rousseau wrote Emile: Concerning Education.

Front 859

Jean Piaget

Back 859

Piaget was a cognitive structuralist who saw children as more actively involved in their development--constructing knowledge of the world through their experiences with the environment.

Front 860

Cross-sectional studies

Back 860

Cross-sectional studies compare groups of subjects at different ages.

Front 861

Longitudinal studies

Back 861

Longitudinal studies compare a specific group of people over an extended period of time.

Front 862

Sequential cohort studies

Back 862

Sequential cohort studies combine cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods.; In this combined approach, several groups of different ages are studied over several years.

Front 863

Gregor Mendel

Back 863

Gregor Mendel initiated the study of genetics.

Front 864

Genotype and phenotype

Back 864

The total genetic makeup (complement) of an individual is called the genotype.; The total collection fo expressed traits that is the individual's observable characteristics is called the phenotype.

Front 865

Cells in the human body

Back 865

The nucleus of each cell in the human body, except for gametes, holds 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total.; The cells in the human body are diploid, the chromosomes they contain exist in pairs.

Front 866

Heritability of traits

Back 866

Children can be said to have an average of 50 percent of their genes in common with each parent.; Siblings and fraternal twins also have 50 percent of their genes in common with each other.; For identical twins, it's 100 percent.

Front 867

Methods for determining the degree of genetic influence on individual differences between people

Back 867

Family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies are used to determine the degree of genetic influence on individual differences between people.

Front 868

Genetic disorders

Back 868

Genetic effects on intelligence and behavior is evident in people afflicted with mental retardation.

Front 869

Phenylketonuria

Back 869

PKU is a degenerative disease of the nervous system, and results when the enzyme needs to digest phenylalanine, an AA found in milk and other foods, is lacking.

Front 870

Assessing infant neural development

Back 870

By comparing the point in time at which reflexes appear to the established norms, it is possible to tell whether neural development is taking place in a normal fashion.

Front 871

Jean Piaget

Back 871

Jean Piaget insisted that there are qualitative differences between adult and childhood thought.; There are four stages of cognitive development that children pass through.

Front 872

Ainsworth, M.

Back 872

Devised the "strange situation" to study attachment

Front 873

Baumrind, D.

Back 873

Studied the relationship between parental style and aggression

Front 874

Bowlby, J.

Back 874

Studied attachment in human children

Front 875

Chomsky, N.

Back 875

Linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition.

Front 876

Erikson, E.

Back 876

Outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan

Front 877

Freud, S.

Back 877

Outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development.

Front 878

Gesell, A.

Back 878

Believed that development was due primarily to maturation

Front 879

Gilligan, C.

Back 879

Suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality

Front 880

Hall, G.

Back 880

The founder of developmental psychology

Front 881

Harlow, H.

Back 881

Used monkeys and "surrogate mothers" to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation

Front 882

Kohlberg, L.

Back 882

Studied moral development using moral dilemmas

Front 883

Locke, J.

Back 883

British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience

Front 884

Lorenz, K.

Back 884

Studied imprinting in birds

Front 885

Piaget, J.

Back 885

Outlined four stages of cognitive development

Front 886

Rousseau, J.

Back 886

French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society

Front 887

Terman, L.

Back 887

Performed longitudinal study on gifted children

Front 888

Tryon, R.

Back 888

Studied the genetic basis of maze-running abilities in rats

Front 889

Vygotsky, L.

Back 889

Studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximald evelopment

Front 890

Adler, A.

Back 890

Psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of inferiority complex

Front 891

Allport, G.

Back 891

Trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality

Front 892

Bandura, A.

Back 892

Behaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag ("Bobo" doll)

Front 893

Bem, S.

Back 893

Suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; also linked with concept of androgyny

Front 894

Cattell, R.

Back 894

Trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality

Front 895

Dollard, J. and Miller, N.

Back 895

Behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts

Front 896

Erikson, E.

Back 896

Ego psychologist whose psychosocial stages of development encompass entire lifespan

Front 897

Eysenck, H.

Back 897

Trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism

Front 898

Freud, A.

Back 898

Founder of ego psychology

Front 899

Freud, S.

Back 899

Originator of the psychodynamic approach to personality

Front 900

Horney, K.

Back 900

Psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away from

Front 901

Jung, C.

Back 901

Psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, with archetypes being in the collective unconscious

Front 902

Kelly, G.

Back 902

Based personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientist"

Front 903

Kernberg, O.

Back 903

Object-relations theorist

Front 904

Klein, M.

Back 904

Object-relations theorist

Front 905

Lewin, K.

Back 905

Phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory

Front 906

Mahler, M.

Back 906

Object-relations theorist

Front 907

Maslow, A.

Back 907

Phenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization

Front 908

McClelland, D.

Back 908

Studied need for achievement (nAch)

Front 909

Mischel, W.

Back 909

Critic of trait theories of personality

Front 910

Rogers, C.

Back 910

Phenomenological personality theorist

Front 911

Rotter, J.

Back 911

Studied locus of control

Front 912

Sheldon, W.

Back 912

Attempted to relate somatotype (body type) to personality type

Front 913

Skinner, B.F.

Back 913

Behaviorist

Front 914

Winnicott, D.W.

Back 914

Object-relations theorist

Front 915

Witkin, H.

Back 915

Studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod and frame test

Front 916

Bandura, A.

Back 916

Studied observational learning

Front 917

Breland, K. and Breland, M.

Back 917

Discovered and studied instinctual drift

Front 918

Darwin, C.

Back 918

Proposed a theory of evolution with natural section in its centerpiece

Front 919

Garcia, J.

Back 919

Studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

Front 920

Kohler, W.

Back 920

Studied insight in problem solving.

Front 921

Lorenz, K.

Back 921

Ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment

Front 922

Pavlov, I.

Back 922

Discovered the basic principles of classical conditioning

Front 923

Premack, D.

Back 923

Suggested the Premack principle: that a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

Front 924

Rescorla, R.

Back 924

Performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning

Front 925

Skinner, B.F.

Back 925

Developed principles of operant conditioning

Front 926

Thorndike, E.

Back 926

Proposed the law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats

Front 927

Tinbergen, N.

Back 927

Ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations

Front 928

von Frisch, K.

Back 928

Ethologist who studied communication in honey bees

Front 929

Watson, J.

Back 929

Performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning

Front 930

Wilson, E.O.

Back 930

Developed sociobiology

Front 931

Wolpe, J.

Back 931

Developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias

Front 932

Bartlett, F.

Back 932

Investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process

Front 933

Cattell, R.

Back 933

Divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan

Front 934

Chomsky, N.

Back 934

Distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another

Front 935

Collins, A. and Loftus, E.

Back 935

Devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory

Front 936

Craik, F. and Lockhart, R.

Back 936

Developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory

Front 937

Ebbinghaus, H.

Back 937

Studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings

Front 938

Gardner, H.

Back 938

Proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important; traditional IQ tests measure only two of the seven types

Front 939

Guilford, J.

Back 939

Devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity

Front 940

Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A.

Back 940

Investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic

Front 941

Loftus, E.

Back 941

Studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions

Front 942

Luchins, A.

Back 942

Used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem solving

Front 943

Macoby, E. and Jacklin, C.

Back 943

Found support for gender differences in verbal ability

Front 944

McClelland, J. and Rumelhart, D.

Back 944

Suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Front 945

Miller, G.

Back 945

Found that the capacity of short-term memory is seven (plus or minus two) items

Front 946

Paivio, A.

Back 946

Proposed dual-code hypothesis

Front 947

Smith, E., Shoben, E., and Rips, L.

Back 947

Devised the semantic feature-comparison model of semantic memory

Front 948

Spearman, C.

Back 948

Suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of a general factor called g

Front 949

Sperling, G.

Back 949

Studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial-report method

Front 950

Sternberg, R.

Back 950

Proposed triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: componential, experiential, and contextual

Front 951

Thurstone, L.

Back 951

Used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities--factors more specific than g, but more general than s

Front 952

Whorf, B.

Back 952

Hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived.

Front 953

Broca, P.

Back 953

French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language: i.e., Broca's area

Front 954

Cannon, W.

Back 954

Physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including "fight or flight" reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

Front 955

Kandel, E.

Back 955

Demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (Aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission

Front 956

James, W. and Lange, C.

Back 956

Proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions

Front 957

Kluver, H., and Bucy, P.

Back 957

Studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the amygdala's role in emotions

Front 958

Luria, A.

Back 958

Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions

Front 959

Milner, B.

Back 959

Studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M., a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy

Front 960

Olds, J., and Milner, B.

Back 960

Demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using "self-stimulation" studies in rats.

Front 961

Penfield, W.

Back 961

Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the brain during surgery.

Front 962

Schachter, S. and Singer, J

Back 962

Proposed the Schachter-Singer theory of emotions

Front 963

Sherrington, C.

Back 963

English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synapse

Front 964

Sperry, R., and Gazzaniga, M.

Back 964

Investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using "split-brain" studies

Front 965

Wernicke, C.

Back 965

German neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language--i.e., Wernicke's area

Front 966

Bekesy, G.

Back 966

Empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory

Front 967

Berkeley, G.

Back 967

Developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth

Front 968

Broadbent, D.

Back 968

Proposed filter theory of attention

Front 969

Fechner, G.

Back 969

Developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation

Front 970

Gibson, E., and Walk, R.

Back 970

Develope dthe visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception.

Front 971

Gibson, J.

Back 971

Studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth

Front 972

Helmholtz, H.

Back 972

Developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic hteory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception

Front 973

Hering, E.

Back 973

Developed opponent process theory of color vision

Front 974

Hubel, D. and Wiesel, T.

Back 974

Studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells

Front 975

Kohler, W.

Back 975

Developed theory of isomorphism

Front 976

Melzack, R., and Wall, P.

Back 976

Proposed gate theory of pain

Front 977

Stevens, S.S.

Back 977

Developed Steven's law as an alternative to Fechner's law

Front 978

Swets, John A.

Back 978

Refined ROC curves in signal detection theory

Front 979

Wever, E. and Bray, C.

Back 979

Proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception

Front 980

Yerkes, R. and Dodson, j.

Back 980

Developed Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal

Front 981

Aronson, E., Linder, D.

Back 981

Proposed gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than in evaluation that remains constant)

Front 982

Asch, S.

Back 982

Studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines

Front 983

Bem, D.

Back 983

Developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory

Front 984

Clark, K., Clark, M.

Back 984

Performed study on doll preferences in African American children. the results were used in the 1954 Brown v. the Topeka Board of Education Supreme Court case

Front 985

Darley, J., Latane, B.

Back 985

Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility

Front 986

Eagly, A.

Back 986

Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles

Front 987

Festinger, L.

Back 987

Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory

Front 988

Hall, E.

Back 988

Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions

Front 989

Heider, F.

Back 989

Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational

Front 990

Janis, I.

Back 990

Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry

Front 991

Lerner, M.

Back 991

Proposed concept of belief in a just world.

Front 992

Lewin, K.

Back 992

Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire

Front 993

McGuire, W.

Back 993

Studied how psychological innoculation could help people resist persuasion

Front 994

Milgram, S.

Back 994

Studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers

Front 995

Newcomb, T.

Back 995

Studied political norms

Front 996

Petty, R., Cacioppo, J.

Back 996

Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)

Front 997

Schacter, S.

Back 997

Studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation

Front 998

Sherif, M.

Back 998

Used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation

Front 999

Zajonc, R.

Back 999

Studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses

Front 1000

Zimbardo, P.

Back 1000

Performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

Front 1001

Freud

Back 1001

Psychoanalysis (UC)

Defense Mechanisms

Developmental Stages

Id, Ego, Superego

Free Association

Front 1002

Jung

Back 1002

Psychoanalysis (UC)

Levels of Psyche - Conscious Ego

Personal/Collective Unconscious

Psychological types (attitudes)

Personality multi-faceted

Front 1003

Adler

Back 1003

Individual Psychology (UC)

Inferiority/Superiority

Masculine/Feminine Protest

World View affects goals and priorites set in life

Front 1004

Horney

Back 1004

Psychosocial Psychology (UC)

Basic Evil->Basic Hostility->Basic Anxiety

Compulsive Drives (Neurotic Needs and Adjustments)

Intrapsychic conflicts (Idealized Self, Self hatred, Externalization)

Feminine Psychology (womb envy)

Front 1005

Allport

Back 1005

Trait Theory (C)

Common Traits/Individual Dispositions

“The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought” =personality

Front 1006

Catell

Back 1006

Trait Theory (C,UC)

Factor Analysis

Surface/Source Traits

Front 1007

Erikson

Back 1007

Psychosocial

Developmental Stages

Crises

Front 1008

Skinner

Back 1008

Scientific Behaviorism

Operant Conditioning

Front 1009

Bandura and Mischel

Back 1009

Social Cognitive learning (C)

Observational Learning

Psychopathology

Delayed Gratification

Front 1010

Kelly

Back 1010

Personality Constructs (C)

Person as Scientist

CPC Cycle for Novel Situations

Creativity Cycle for New solutoins (when Previous templates don't work)

Front 1011

Maslow

Back 1011

Individual Psychology

Hierarchy of Needs (Physiological, Safety, Love & Belongingness, Esteem, Self-Actualized)

D-Motivation

B-motivation

Jonah Complex

Front 1012

Learning

Back 1012

permenant or stable change in behavior as the result of experience.

Front 1013

Thorndike

Law of Effect

Back 1013

-precurser of operant conditioning

-people do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn't.

Front 1014

Lewen

Theory of Association

Back 1014

-forerunner of behaviorism

-grouping things together based on the fact that they occur together in time and space.

Front 1015

Pavlov

Classical Conditioning

Back 1015

-teaching an org. to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with a non-neutral stimulus.

-salivating dog

Front 1016

Skinner

Operant Conditioning

Back 1016

-instrumental conditioning

-influence through the use of reinforcement

-skinner box

Front 1017

UCS

Back 1017

Unconditioned Stimulus

-normally occuring

Front 1018

CS

Back 1018

Conditioned to occur

Front 1019

UCR

Back 1019

Normally occuring response

Front 1020

CR

Back 1020

Conditioned to occur

Front 1021

4 methods of Stimulus Presentation

Back 1021

1. Stimulus Conditioning

2. High/Second Order

3. Forward Conditioning

4. Backward Conditioning

Front 1022

Stimulus Conditioning

Back 1022

Presented together

Front 1023

High/Second Order

Back 1023

previous conditioned stimulus now acts as the UCS

Front 1024

Shaping

Back 1024

reinforcement for successive approximations

Front 1025

Primary Reinforcement

Back 1025

reinforcing on its own

ie. food or water

Front 1026

Secondary Reinforcement

Back 1026

Learned reinforcement

ie, money

Front 1027

Negative Reinforcement

Back 1027

reinforcement through the removal of something

Front 1028

2 Differences between neg. reinforcement and punishment

Back 1028

-NR encourages behavior, punishment discourages it.

-NR removes a negative even, punishment introduces it.

Front 1029

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Back 1029

set number of responses

Front 1030

Fixed interval Schedule

Back 1030

set time

Front 1031

Variable Ratio Sched.

Back 1031

variable set of correct responses

Front 1032

variable interval Schedule

Back 1032

variable time of correct responses

Front 1033

Heider, Osgood, Festing

Homeostasis Theories

Back 1033

Balance,Conguity & Cog. Dissonance Theory

-people are motivated by a desire to be balance in their feelings and actions

Front 1034

Hull

Performance = Drive x Habitat

Back 1034

First motivated by drive then by old successful habits.

Front 1035

Tolman, Vroom

Expectancy Theory

Back 1035

Performance = Exp. x Value

-people are motivated by goals they believe are attainable

Front 1036

Murray, McClellend

Need for Achievment Theory

Back 1036

nAch

motivated by a need to achieve success

Front 1037

Miller

Approach-Avoidance Theory

Back 1037

the further one is from a goal they focus on the pros. The closer they are they focus on the cons

Front 1038

Hedonism

Back 1038

Motivation to avoid pain and pursue pleasure

Front 1039

Premack Principle

Back 1039

people are motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves after completion

Front 1040

Hebb

Back 1040

medium amount of arousal is best for performance

Front 1041

Yerkes-Dodson Effect

Back 1041

Optimum arousal is never at the extremes. Inverted U shape

Front 1042

Undergeneralization

Back 1042

failure to generalize a stimulus

Front 1043

Response Learning

Back 1043

one learns what to do in response to a trigger

ie. Fire alarm

Front 1044

Aversive Conditioning

Back 1044

Neg. reinforcement to control behavior

Front 1045

Autoshaping

Back 1045

experiment using an apparatus allowing animals to control its reinforcements through behavior.

Front 1046

Albert Bandura

Back 1046

Bobo Doll

Modelling

Front 1047

Garcia Effect

Back 1047

Evolutionary Programming

animals are programed to make connections through evolution.

ie, rat nausea

Front 1048

Hull-Spense Theory

Back 1048

Discrimination Learning

can learn to respond differently to different stimuli

Front 1049

Language

Back 1049

meaningful arrangement of sound

Front 1050

Phonemes

Back 1050

discreet sounds that make up words but have no meaning on their own.

Front 1051

Morphemes

Back 1051

made up of phonemes

smallest units of meaning

ie, boy, or -ing

Front 1052

Syntax

Back 1052

arrangement of words into sentences

Front 1053

Grammer

Back 1053

rules of the interrelationships b/w morphemes and syntax

Front 1054

Prosody

Back 1054

tone or inflection

Front 1055

Chomsky

Transformational Grrammer

Back 1055

Surface and Deep Structure

Front 1056

Overregularization

Back 1056

overapplication of grammar rules

Front 1057

Overextension

Back 1057

generalizing names

Front 1058

Telegraphic Speech

Back 1058

speech w/out articles or extras

"me go"

Front 1059

Holophastic Speech

Back 1059

one word to convey who meaning

Front 1060

Ben Whorf

Whorfian Hypothesis

Back 1060

culture influences language

Front 1061

Brown

Back 1061

Children self-correct language with experience

Front 1062

Nelson

Back 1062

language begins with the onset of active speech

Front 1063

Labov

Ebonics

Back 1063

Black language

Front 1064

Osgood

Back 1064

studied symantics and created differential charts

-good............Bad-

Front 1065

3 Stages of Memory

Back 1065

Sensory, Shortterm, Longterm

Front 1066

Sensory Memory

Back 1066

lasts only seconds

Iconic or echoic

Front 1067

Sperling

Iconic Memory

Back 1067

-sensory memory for vision

-we see more then we remember

Front 1068

Neisser

Icon

Back 1068

lasts about 1 second

Front 1069

Short-Term Memory

Back 1069

-lasts seconds or minutes

-capacity for 7 +_2

-chunking items can increase capacity

-largely auditory and items encoded phonologically

-rehearsal will keep things in STM

Front 1070

Primary Rehearsal

Back 1070

Maintenance rehearsal

-repeating material to hold in STM

Front 1071

Secondary Rehearsal

Back 1071

elaborative rehearsal to transfer to LTM

Front 1072

Allan Paivio

Dual-Code Hypothesis

Back 1072

Items are better remembers if encoded visually and semantically.

Front 1073

Craik and Lockhart

Back 1073

learning and recall depend on depth of processing

Front 1074

Paired Associate Learning

Back 1074

behaviorist

one item learned with and then cues another

Front 1075

Elizabeth Loftus

Back 1075

memory of traumatic events is altered by the way that questions about the event are asked.

Front 1076

Karl Lashley

Back 1076

memories stored diffusely in the brain.

Front 1077

Donald Hebb

Back 1077

memory involves synapse and neural pathway change making a memory tree.

Front 1078

Brenda Milner

Back 1078

Patient HM who was given a lesion in the hippocampus to treat epilepsy. Could not add anything to LTM

Front 1079

Factors Helping Memory Retrieval

Back 1079

acoustic dissimilarity

semantic dissimilarity

brevity

familiarity

concreteness

meaning

subject importance

Front 1080

Savings

Back 1080

how much info remains in LTM by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time.

Front 1081

Encoding Specificity Principle

Back 1081

material is more likely to be remembered if recalled in same context it was stored.

Front 1082

Episodic Memory

Back 1082

details, events

Front 1083

Semantic Memory

Back 1083

general knowledge

Front 1084

Herman Ebbinghouse

Back 1084

studied memory semantically -used lists of nonsense syllables to study STM

-Forgetting curve that drops sharply and then levels off in slight downward trend

Front 1085

Bartlett

Back 1085

-memory is reconstructive.

-people are more likely to remember ideas or semantics rather then details or grammar.

Front 1086

Decay/Trace Theory

Back 1086

Memories fade with time

Front 1087

Interferance Theory

Back 1087

competing info blocks retrieval

Front 1088

Eidetic Memory

Back 1088

Photographic Memory

Front 1089

Ziegarnik Effect

Back 1089

recollection is better for uncompleted tasks then completed ones.

Front 1090

Cognitive Psyc.

Back 1090

study of thinking, processing, and reasoning.

Front 1091

Concept

Back 1091

how one represents the relationship b/w two things

Front 1092

Mental Set

Back 1092

preconcieved notion of how to look at a problem

Front 1093

Schema

Back 1093

cognitive structure that includes ideas about events or objects and attributes that accompany them

Front 1094

Script

Back 1094

idea about the way events typically unfold

Front 1095

Prototype

Back 1095

representative or usual type of event or object

Front 1096

Insight

Back 1096

new perspective on an old problem

Front 1097

Heuristic

Back 1097

problem solving strategy that uses rule of thumb or shortcut based on what has worked previously

Front 1098

Deductive Reasoning

Back 1098

specific conclusion that must follow from the info given

Front 1099

Inductive Reasoning

Back 1099

general rules that are inferred from specifics

Front 1100

Logical Reasoning Errors

Back 1100

Atmosphere Effect

Semantic Effect

Confirmation Bias

Front 1101

Atmosphere Effect

Back 1101

conclusion is influenced by the way info is phrased

Front 1102

Semantic Effect

Back 1102

believing in conclusions b/c of what you know or thing to be true rather then what logically follows from the info given

Front 1103

Confirmation Bias

Back 1103

Remembering and using info that confirms what you already know.

Front 1104

Reaction Time

Back 1104

used in cognitive testing

Front 1105

Stroop Effect

Back 1105

decreased speed in naming the color of ink used to print words when the words themselves are different colors

Front 1106

Bottom-Up Processing

Back 1106

data driven

recognizing an item from data or details

Front 1107

Top Down Processing

Back 1107

guided by larger concepts

Front 1108

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Back 1108

Physical---Emotions

Front 1109

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Back 1109

Physical II; Emotional

(occur simultaneously)

Front 1110

Cognitive Theory of Emotion

Back 1110

Schacter/Singer

physical--thoughts--emotion

Front 1111

Nativist Theory

Back 1111

perception and cognition are largely innate

Front 1112

Structuralist Theory

Back 1112

Perception is the sum tolal of sensory input

Front 1113

Gestalt Psychology

Back 1113

People see the world as organized wholes

Front 1114

Absolute Threshold

Back 1114

minimum amount of stimuli that can be detected 50% of the tiime

Front 1115

Weber

Differential Threshold

Back 1115

just noticeable difference

minimum diff necessary for detection of a change in intensity

Front 1116

Terminal Threshold

Back 1116

upper limit after which stimuli cannot be detected

Front 1117

Intensity Perception Theories

Back 1117

Weber's Law

Fechner's Law

J.A. Swets Theory of Signal Detection

Front 1118

Weber's Law

Back 1118

A stimulus needs to be increased by a constant fraction in order to be noticed as noticably different

Front 1119

Fechner's Law

Back 1119

the strength of a stimulus must be significantly increased to produced a slight difference in sensation

Front 1120

J.A. Swet

Theory of Signal Detection

Back 1120

sees motivation as a factor in signal detection