Big Bang Bio

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

biological instructions that organisms pass to their offspring to direct their formation

Front 2

molecular cloning

Back 2

isolating a DNA sequence and making multiple copies of it in a living organism

Front 3

reproductive cloning

Back 3

duplicating an entire organism

Front 4

therapeutic clonging

Back 4

duplicating part of an organism

Front 5

are clones genetically identical? why?

Back 5

no b/c of differences in environment

Front 6

parthenogenesis

Back 6

when an embryo grows and develops without male fertilization

Front 7

germ cell

Back 7

sperm or egg

Front 8

somatic cell

Back 8

any cell in a plant or animal other than a sperm cell

Front 9

blastomere

Back 9

any of the cells resulting from the cleavage of a fertilized ovum during early embryonic development

Front 10

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Back 10

embryos are made by fusing an adult cell with an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed

Front 11

which cells can be used to make a clone?

Back 11

any somatic cells

Front 12

4 steps of SCNT

Back 12

1. eunucleate egg
2. combine somatic cell nucleus with eunucleated egg cell
3. allow zygote to develop to blastocyst stage and implant into uterus

Front 13

how do cells with identical DNA differentiate?

Back 13

different genes are expressed

Front 14

3 attributes of stem cells

Back 14

-capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods
-unspecialized
-can give rise to specialized cell types

Front 15

totipotent cell

Back 15

a cell that can become any differentiated cell

Front 16

pluripotent cell

Back 16

a cell that can become any differentiated cell except extra embryonic tissue

Front 17

5 steps of therapeutic cloning

Back 17

-nucleus extracted from patient
-implanted into eunucleated egg
-allowed to culture to totipotent cells
-pluripotent cells are isolated from inner cell mass of blastocyst
-pluripotent cells are cultured into organs or other parts

Front 18

2 methods of therapeutic cloning

Back 18

fertilization (IVF) - sexually produced totipotent cells are created, not customized
SCNT - asexually produced totipotent cells are created, customized

Front 19

5 advantages of cloned transplants

Back 19

-won't be rejected because they will be recognized by immune system
-no donor pain
-no waiting to find match
-no old organs
-new cures possible

Front 20

disadvantages of adult stem cells

Back 20

-limited amounts
-restricted range of differentiation

Front 21

genetic engineering

Back 21

isolation, manipulation, and reintroduction of DNA into cells or model organisms to introduce new characteristics or attributes

Front 22

gene regulation

Back 22

changes in which genes are expressed where/when

Front 23

mutations

Back 23

changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material (DNA) of an organism

Front 24

nucleotide bases

Back 24

sugar
phosphate
4 nitrogen bases:
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

Front 25

A pairs with _
C pairs with _

Back 25

T,G

Front 26

How do you get an adult differentiated cell to act like an ESC?

Back 26

forced expression of 4 genes that encoded proteins that function as transcription factors

Front 27

how are genes added to adult cells?

Back 27

using a vector (virus)

Front 28

vector

Back 28

an entity that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another

Front 29

plasmid

Back 29

a DNA molecule separate from chromosomal DNA that is usually capable of autonomous replication

Front 30

2 steps for cutting and pasting DNA

Back 30

1. Restriction Endonucleases (RE) used to cut DNA
2. Ligases reform the chemical bonds

Front 31

transgenic organism

Back 31

one that has had genes from another organism inserted into its genome through recombinant DNA techniques