Bieb 140 Lecture 9

Front 1

Tunicates

Back 1

Sea squirts. Adults sessile, feed on plankton by pumping water using two siphons; larvae free swimming and shows most of the major chordate traits including notochord

Front 2

Fishes

Back 2

All vertebrates excluding tetrapods

Front 3

Osteichthyes

Back 3

Bony fishes. Contains vast majority of 23000 living fish species. Well ossified internal bony skeleton although, early forms were less ossified. Have scales that articulate and over lap to provide rigidity to trunk and improve swimming ability. Internal swim bladder present. Large variety of body forms and morphology.

Front 4

Actinopterygii

Back 4

Ray finned fishes. Most diverse group of living fishes and habitats. "Fin rays" - bony spines that support the webs of skin in the fins.

Front 5

Dipnoi

Back 5

Lung fishes. Very diverse during paleozoic and mesozoic with an excellent fossil record. Only 3 genera survive today in Africa, S.America, and Australia. Evolved the ability to breathe air.

Front 6

Crossopterygii

Back 6

Lobe finned fishes. AKA sarcopterygii. Large predators during the devonian period and were extinct since mesozoic. Now at least two known species.

Front 7

Coelacanth

Back 7

Latimeria, first living speciment caught on dec 22, 1938. in S.Africa. Deep water habitats, often in caves and canyons. Feed on other fish.

Front 8

Freshwater Fishes of Africa

Back 8

Very unique to their region. Two species rich families: Cichlidae and Cyprinidae. Cichlids more diverse and found in lakes. Cyprinidae are mainly in rivers

Front 9

Causes of cichlid radiation

Back 9

Cichlids tend to speciate more when sexually dichromatic. And species in older and deeper lakes also tend to speciate more. Sexual selection drives speciation. Mate choice of females for differently colored males maintains reproductive isolation between species.

Front 10

Decline of native freshwater fishes of African Rift lakes

Back 10

Overfishing

Pollution and Agricultural runoff

Introduction of exotic species

Front 11

Anthropogenic changes and the future of cichlid diversity

Back 11

Overfishing of many of the native species and introduction of several exotic species into lake victoria. Nile perch was introduce and major decline in native fish diversity.

Front 12

Tiktaalik Roseae

Back 12

Fish Trait: Scales covering the entire body, fins could have been used to swim like fish, gills and lungs

Tetrapod traits: was able to move head separately from neck, full set of ribs used to breathe air and support the body, head is much flatter compared to fish with eyes on top of the skull, fin skeleton with the basic bone structure all tetrapods have, front fins could support weight

Front 13

Icthyostega

Back 13

The earliest known land vertebrate. Fish like with fin rays and notochord entering the braincase. Skull and ankle bones unique and different from other tetrapods. 7 digit hind limbs

Front 14

Lissamphibia

Back 14

Monophyletic, three main groups:

Anura, "tail less amphibians" - frogs and toads

Urodele - newts and salamanders

Gymnophiona or limb-less amphibians - worms

Front 15

living amphibia

Back 15

almost all are carnivorous adults

Front 16

Causes of global amphibian declines

Back 16

introduced species, various pathogens (fungal, bacterial, viral), increased uv-b radiation, habitat destruction, climate change, exploitation, pollution and pesticides

Front 17

Anapside

Back 17

Turtles: fully rooted temporal region

Front 18

Synapsid

Back 18

Led to mammals, lower temporal opening

Front 19

Diapside

Back 19

Rest of the reptiles including dinosaurs and birds, upper temporal opening and lower temporal openings

Front 20

Function of temporal openings

Back 20

Reduces concentration of mechanical stress in the skull, room for increased attachment and bulging of jaw muscles

Front 21

Reptiles

Back 21

Highest diversity of the group during the mesozoic. Dominant terrestrial and major marine predators. major extrinction during the KT mass extinction

Front 22

Two Major Groups of Diapsids

Back 22

Archosaurs and Lepidosaurs

Front 23

Archosaurs

Back 23

Monophyletic group with two lineages

Pseudosuchia - crocodiles and relatives

Ornithosuchia - dinosaurs and birds

Front 24

Lepidosaurs

Back 24

Rest of living and extinct diapsids

Front 25

Turtles

Back 25

Pleuodira and cyptodira. Two groups are sister groups

Front 26

Pleuodira

Back 26

Sideneck turtles, capable of horizontal contraction and folding of the neck. South hemispher in freshwater

Front 27

Cryptodira

Back 27

s.neck tutles. Retracts the neck vertically with a short shaped flexure. 180 species in marine, brackish, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Absent in southern hemisphere.

Front 28

Crocodiles

Back 28

Major freshwater predator in tropics and subtropics. Worldwide distribution - 16 species

Front 29

Alligatoridae

Back 29

Alligators and caimans - 8 species totaly. Distinguished from other crocs by teeth that fit inside the upper jaw. No visible teeth when mouth closed

Front 30

Gavialidae

Back 30

Only one surviving species

Front 31

Sphenodontida

Back 31

Lizard like stout bodied reptiles with large heads and thick tails. Only 2 living species left.

Front 32

Squamata

Back 32

Lizards, snakes, iguanas and many other extinct groups. Monophyletic wither >5000 living species. Live on every continent except Antartica and most islands. Immense variety of body forms - far more than other tetrapods.

Front 33

Gekkotans

Back 33

Geckos are small sized nocturnal lizards

Pygopods are restricted to Australia and limbless

Front 34

Amphisbaenians

Back 34

Worm lizards burrowing lizards with reduced eyes, short tails, and no limbs. Use heads for digging. Max diversity in Africa and South America.

Front 35

Auarcoglassan

Back 35

Large lizards like komodo dragon

Front 36

Snakes

Back 36

Limbless squamates where two halves of the jaw flexibly united. Worldwide distribution in all aquatic and terrestrial habitats