Bi201 Test 2 Set 2

Front 1

Ecosystem

Back 1

all the organisms in a particular area along with physical components of the environment

Front 2

ecosystem services

Back 2

enhance the life-supporting attributes of the atmosphere, surface water, soil, and other physical components of an ecosystem. Facilitated by green algae and land plants

Front 3

Cuticle

Back 3

waxy wateright sealant that covers the plant and gives it the ability to survive in dry conditions

Front 4

Plant adaptations to dry conditions

Back 4

prevention of water loss, transportation of water via vascular tissue

Front 5

Stomata

Back 5

Porous structures that allow water and gases in and out of the cells - can be controlled

Front 6

Starch

Back 6

storage product in plants and green algae

Front 7

Artificial selection

Back 7

humans actively selecting individuals with the largest and most nutritious seeds

Front 8

Bryophytes

Back 8

Non-vascular plants

Front 9

Vascular tissue

Back 9

specialized groups of cells that conduct water and nutrients from one part of the plant body to another

Front 10

Lignin

Back 10

strengthened early water-conducting cells - a complex polymer built from six carbon rings - tough to break down

Front 11

Tracheids

Back 11

long thin water conducting cells - contain a lignin secondary cell wall and a cellulose primary cell wall - as well as pits that

Front 12

Vessel Elements

Back 12

most specialized type of water-conducting - allow water movement extremely efficiently

Front 13

Seed

Back 13

Embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer

Front 14

Angiosperms

Back 14

seed plants that also flower

Front 15

Gymnosperms

Back 15

seed plants with "naked seeds"

Front 16

Sporopollenin

Back 16

Coating that encases spores and pollen and helps them resist drying

Front 17

Sporangia

Back 17

spore producing structures

Front 18

Gametangia

Back 18

specialized reproductive organs - protected gametes from drying and damage

Front 19

Antheridium

Back 19

sperm producing structure

Front 20

Archegonium

Back 20

egg producing structure

Front 21

Transfer cells

Back 21

facilitate exchange of nutrients between parent and child (occurs after retention of the embryo)

Front 22

Embryophyta

Back 22

Embryo plants

Front 23

Gametophyte

Back 23

multicellular haploid stage that produces gametes by mitosis

Front 24

Sporophyte

Back 24

multicellular diploid stage that produces spores by meiosis

Front 25

Heterospory

Back 25

production of two distinct types of spore producing structures and thus two distinct types of spores

Front 26

Microsporangia

Back 26

microspore producing structures - these develop into male gametophytes that produce sperm

Front 27

Megasporangia

Back 27

megaspore producing structures - these develop into female gametophytes that produce eggs

Front 28

Pollen grain

Back 28

male gametophyte that is surrounded by a tough coat of sporopolennin - easily dispersed to new locations

Front 29

Flower

Back 29

Reproductive organ in angiosperms

Front 30

Stamen

Back 30

contains an anther where microsporangia develop

Front 31

Carpel

Back 31

contains an ovary where ovules are found

Front 32

Fruit

Back 32

structure that is derived from the ovary that encloses seeds - attracts animals

Front 33

Double Fertilization

Back 33

one sperm fuses with the egg to form the zygote, a second fuses with two nuclei to form an endosperm

Front 34

Endosperm

Back 34

triploid nutritive tissue - used as food for the growing plant

Front 35

Lichens

Back 35

stable associations between green algae and fungi or cyanobacteria and fungi

Front 36

Rhizoids

Back 36

anchor byrophytes to soil rocks or tree bark

Front 37

annual

Back 37

single growing season

Front 38

perennial

Back 38

live for many years

Front 39

Fungi

Back 39

eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms devoid of chlorophyll, obtain nutrients by absorption, reproduce using spores

Front 40

Parasites

Back 40

lower hosts' fitness

Front 41

mutualists

Back 41

benefit their hosts' fitness

Front 42

Yeasts

Back 42

Single celled fungi essential to bread, soy sauce, tofu, cheese, beer, wine, whiskey production

Front 43

Mycelia

Back 43

multicellular filamentous forms that are dynamic and made up of hyphae

Front 44

Heterokaryotic

Back 44

Several haploid nuclei that don't fuse

Front 45

Septa

Back 45

separate filaments into compartments - contain pores that allow materials to flow between compartments

Front 46

Coenocytics

Back 46

don't contain septa

Front 47

Mycetes

Back 47

Fungi

Front 48

Chytrid

Back 48

swimming flagellated gametes/spores

Front 49

Zygosporangia

Back 49

haploid hyphae from two individuals meet and become yoked together

Front 50

Basidia

Back 50

inside mushroom, puffball, or bracket - specialized cells that form at the ends of hyphae and produce spores - have lots of folding to increase surface area - form fairy rings

Front 51

Asci

Back 51

specialized sac-like cells at the ends of hyphae that produce spores above ground

Front 52

Symbiotic relationship

Back 52

relationship with close association

Front 53

mutualism

Back 53

symbiotic relationship in which two species benefit from their assocation

Front 54

Commensalism

Back 54

one species benefits while the other is unaffected

Front 55

Mycorrhizal

Back 55

below ground

Front 56

endophytic

Back 56

above ground

Front 57

Ectomycorrizhal fungi (EMF)

Back 57

Dense network of hyphae that cover roots of plant and extend into soil - release peptidases

Front 58

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

Back 58

Grow into cells and directly contact plasma membrane

Front 59

Glomalin

Back 59

glycoprotein that helps bind organic compounds to sand or clay particles

Front 60

Extracellular digestion

Back 60

fungi synthesize digestive enzymes and then secrete them outside their hyphae into their food

Front 61

Lignin peroxidase

Back 61

breaks down lignin

Front 62

Cellulase

Back 62

Breaks down cellulose

Front 63

Plasmogamy

Back 63

occurs when cytoplasms fuse

Front 64

Karyogamy

Back 64

occurs when the nuclei fuse

Front 65

Chytridiomycete

Back 65

Exhibit alternation of generations - produce swimming gametes

Front 66

Zygomycete

Back 66

Form yoked hyphae that produce a spore-forming structure (zygosporangium)

Front 67

Basidiomycota

Back 67

Reproductive structures with many spore-producing basidia

Front 68

Asocomycota

Back 68

Reproductive structures with many spore producing asci

Front 69

Body Plan

Back 69

fundamental architecture of animals

Front 70

Cephalized body

Back 70

one with a distinct head region

Front 71

Tissues

Back 71

tightly integrated structural and functional units

Front 72

epithelium

Back 72

layer of tightly joined cells that covers the surface

Front 73

diploblasts

Back 73

two types of tissue - ectoderm and endoderm

Front 74

triploblasts

Back 74

three types of tissue - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Front 75

ectoderm

Back 75

gives rise to skin and nervous system

Front 76

endoderm

Back 76

gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract

Front 77

mesoderm

Back 77

gives rise to circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures like organs

Front 78

Nerve net

Back 78

a diffuse arrangement of nerve cells

Front 79

Central Nervous System

Back 79

neurons clustered into one or more large tracts and projected throughout the body

Front 80

Ganglia

Back 80

Masses of neurons - aka brains

Front 81

Radial symmetry

Back 81

at least two planes of symmetry

Front 82

Bilateral symmetry

Back 82

one plane of symmetry and usually a long narrow body

Front 83

Coelom

Back 83

enclosed fluid-filled cavity

Front 84

acoelomates

Back 84

triploblasts that lack coelom

Front 85

hydrostatic skeleton

Back 85

allows soft bodied animals to move effectively even without limbs

Front 86

protostomes

Back 86

mouth develops before the anus

Front 87

deuterostomes

Back 87

anus develops before the mouth

Front 88

sessile

Back 88

permanently attached to substrate

Front 89

Choanocytes

Back 89

sponge feeding cells

Front 90

Ecdysozoans

Back 90

grow by shedding their external skeletons

Front 91

Lophotrochozoans

Back 91

grow continuously when conditions are good

Front 92

Segmentation

Back 92

presence of repeated body structures

Front 93

vertebrates

Back 93

defined by the presence of a skull and (usually) backbone - monophyletic

Front 94

invertebrates

Back 94

all animals that are non vertebrates - paraphyletic

Front 95

Suspension feeders

Back 95

filter feeders - capture food by filtering out particles in the air or water

Front 96

deposit feeders

Back 96

ingest organic material that has been deposited within a substrate or on its surface

Front 97

fluid feeders

Back 97

suck of mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood, or fruit juice

Front 98

mass feeders

Back 98

take in chunks of food in their mouths

Front 99

Herbivores

Back 99

feed on plants or algae

Front 100

Carnivores

Back 100

feed on animals

Front 101

detritivores

Back 101

feed on dead organic matter (detritus)

Front 102

omnivores

Back 102

eat both plants and animals

Front 103

Endoparasites

Back 103

live inside their hosts

Front 104

Ectoparasites

Back 104

live outside their hosts

Front 105

Distal-less

Back 105

Dll - a gene that tells embryos where to grow appendages

Front 106

Viviparous

Back 106

nourish embryos inside their body and give birth to live young

Front 107

Oviparous

Back 107

Deposit fertilized eggs

Front 108

Ovoviviparous

Back 108

Females retain eggs inside their body but these eggs are nourished by yolk

Front 109

Metamorphosis

Back 109

change from an immature body type to an adult body type

Front 110

Larvae

Back 110

live in different habitats and eat different foods

Front 111

Juveniles

Back 111

sexually immature

Front 112

adults

Back 112

reproductive stage of life cycle

Front 113

hemimetabolous metamorphosis

Back 113

incomplete - young are juveniles called nymphs that look like miniature versions of the adult

Front 114

holometabolous metamorphosis

Back 114

complete - young are larvae

Front 115

Pupa

Back 115

Individual that is completely remodeling its body into a new adult form

Front 116

Polyp

Back 116

reproduces asexually - largely sessile form of cnidarians

Front 117

Medusa

Back 117

reproduces sexually - form of cnidarians

Front 118

Colony

Back 118

group of identical individuals that are physically attached