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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
population
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a group of individuals from the same species that live in the same area at the same time
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demography
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the study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time
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immigration
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individuals enter a population by moving from another population
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emmigration
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individuals leave a population and join another population
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generation
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the average time between a mother's first offspring and her daughter's first offspring
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life table
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summarizes the probability that an idividual will survive and reproduce in any given year
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Survivorship
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is the proportion of offspring produced that survive, on average, to a particular age.
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cohort
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a group of the same age that can be followed through time
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What is a Type I Survivorship curve and give an example of an organism who has it?
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Type I: High Survivorship until old age where the Survivorship decreases. An example would be elephants or humans.
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What is a Type II Survivorship curve and give an example of an organism who has it?
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Type II: Steady decrease in survivorship as age increases. An example would be birds or other small organisms
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What is a Type III Survivorship curve and give an example of an organism who has it?
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Type III: Low Survivorship in early years followed by high survivorship, an example would be an oak tree
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Fecundity
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The number of female offspring produced be each female in the population
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age-specific fecundity
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the average number of female offspring produced by a female in an age class
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age class
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group of individuals of a specific age
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Why is there variation in fecundity and survivorship?
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Every individual has a restricted amount of energy and resources at its disposal causing a difference
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Organisms with high fecundity tend to...
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grow quickly, reach sexual maturity at a young age, and produce mand small eggs or seeds
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Organisms with high survivorship tend to...
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grow slowly and invest resources in traits that reduce damage from enemies and increase their own ability to compete for water, sunlight, or food
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life history
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how an individual allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and activities or structires that are related to survival
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delta N
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change in number of individuals in a population
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population growth
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delta N/delta t
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per-capita rate of increase
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(r) the difference between birth rate and death rate
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intrinsic rate of increase
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(r max) when conditions are optimal-- birth rates are as high as possible and death rates are as low as possible
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density independent
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increases in size of population do not affect r
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density dependent
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increases or decreases in the size of population affect r
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carrying capacity
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(k) as maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a parituclar habitat over a sustained period of time
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logistic growth equation
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delta N/delta t = (r max)(N)((K-N)/K)
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logistic population growth
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changes in growth rate that occur as a function of population size, it is density dependent
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what two general factors change population sizes?
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density dependent
density independent |
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density independent factors
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change bith rates and deat rates irrespective of the number of individuals in the population. They are triggered by abiotic factors
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density dependent factors
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usually biotic changes in intensity as a function of population size
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population dynamics
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changes in population through time
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What is the longest running experiment in the history of Biological science?
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the Park Grass study in Rothamsted, UK
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population cycles
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regular fluctuations in the size that some animal populations exhibt
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what is an example of an population cycle
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red grouse (cycle do to transfer of worm when populations started to get crowded)
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age structure
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the proportion of individuals that are at each possible age
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metapopulation
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a population of populations
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zero population growth (ZPG)
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when fertility = replacement rate for a generation
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Migration from nearby populations creates a...
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balance between extinction and recolonization
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population viability analysis (PVA)
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a model that estimates the likelihood that a population will avoid extinction for a given time period.
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What value (%) of a PVA considers a population viable
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95% of surviving for 100 years
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What is the defining feature of exponential growth?
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the growth rate is constant
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what four factors define population growth?
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death rate, birth rate, immigration, emmigration
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Competition
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-/-
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parasitism
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+/-
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consumption
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+/-
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Mutualism
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+/+
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Commensalism
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+/0
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commensals
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benefit from the association but have no impact on the other species
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coevolutionary arms race
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predator and prey influence each others evolution. Species constantly improving causing other species to improve
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intraspecific competition
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compeition within the same species, major cause of density dependent growth
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interspecific competition
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competition between different species
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niche
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set of habitat requirements, the range of resources that the species is able to use or the range of conditions it can tolerate
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When does interspecific competition occur?
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When the niches of two species overlap
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competitive exclusion principle
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not possilbe for species with the same niche to coexist
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asymmetric competition
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one species suffers a much greater fitness decline than the other species
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symmetric competition
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each species experiences a roughly equal decrease in fitness
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fundamental niche
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niche without predators
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realized niche
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niche when competition occurs
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niche differentiaion
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competing species evolve traits that allow them to exploit different resources or live in different areas
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What are the 6 mechanisms of competition?
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consumptive, preemptive, overgrowth, chemical, territorial, encounter
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Consumptive competition
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two species consume the same resources. (Tree growing in the same area competiting for water and nutrients)
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Preemptive competition
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one species makes space unavailable to others. (Barncles in tidal zone)
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Overgrowth competition
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one organism grows over another. (Fern overgrowing individuals shading them)
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Chemical compeition
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one species produces toxins that negatively affect another. (saliva shurbs)
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territorial competition
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mobile organisms protect a feeding or breeding territory. (Grizzly bears)
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encounter competition
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organisms interfere directly for access to specific resources (hyena and vulture fight over kill)
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What is a common experimental strategy when dealing with competition?
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removing a competitor
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Herbivory:Parasitism::Herbivore:
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Parasite
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standing or constitutive defenses
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defences that are always present
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What are three constitutive defenses?
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schooling, camouflage, and weaponry
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mimicry
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when one species closely resemble another species
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Mullerian mimicry
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when harmful prey resemble each other (posionous toads)
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Batesian mimicry
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harmless species look like harmful prey
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inducible defenses
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defensive traits that are produced only in response to presence of a predator.
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meta-analysis
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a study of studies
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top-down control
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herbivore populatios are limited by predation or disease
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poor-nutrition
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plants are poor food source in terms of the nutrients they provide for herbivores
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plant defense
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plants denfend themselves effectively enough to limith herbivory.
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Not all interaction require individuals from differents species to be...
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nice to each other (altruistic)
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climax community
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the stable final stage after communities develop by passing through a series of predictable stages dictated by extensive interactions among species
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keystone species
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a species with much greater impact than its abundance would suggest.
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disturbance
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any event that removes some individuals or biomass from a commmunity
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What are some examples of disturbances?
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forest fires, hurricanes, floods, fall of large canopy tree, disease epidemcis
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how is the impact of a disturbance determined?
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1)type of disturbance
2)frequency of disturbance 3)the severity of the disturbance |
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disturbance regime
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a characteristic type of disturbance with a predictable freequency and severity
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what are the two approaches to determining disturbance regimes?
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(1) using short term analysis to predict long term patterns
(2) reconstructing history of a particular site |
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succession
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recovery that follows a disturbance
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primary succession
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occurs when a disturbance removes the soil and its organisms as well as organisms that live above surface
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secondary succession
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occurs when a disturbance removes some or all of the organisms from an area but leaves the soil intact
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successional pathway
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specific sequence of species that appears over time
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What three effects to species have during succession
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facilitation, tolerance, inhibtion
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facilitaion
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promotes growth of other species
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tolerance
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neutral to growth of other species
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inhibtion
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prevents growth of other species
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pionerring species
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first species that arrive after a disturbance, they usually have a high dispersal rate
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species richness
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is a simaple count of how many species are present
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species diversity
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is a weighted measure that incorporates a species' realtive abundance as well as its presence or absence
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Net primary productivity (NPP)
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is the amount of photosynthesis per unit are per year that ends up in biomass
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resistance
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preventing a disturbance
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resilience
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recovery from a disturbance
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as species richness increases production...
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increases
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What four components are linked by the flow of energy?
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abiotic enviorment, primary producers, consumers, and decomposers
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primary producer
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any organism that can sythesize its own food (autotroph).
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Consumers
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eat other organisms
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Decomposers
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or detritivores are consumers that obtain energy by feeding on the dead remains of other organisms or waste products.
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What place has the highes NPP?
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the ocean
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Why is the ocean produce 25% of the world NPP?
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it takes up such a large area
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primary consumer
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herbivore
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grazing food web
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the collection of animals that eat plants and animals that eat them
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secondary consumers
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consumers that eat herbivores
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decomposer food web
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composed of species that eat the dead remains of organisms
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detritus
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dead animals and dead tissues that accumulate and create plant litter
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trophic level
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organisms that obtain their energy from the same type of source are said to pccupy the same trophic level
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food chain
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connects trophic lebels in a particular ecosystem
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food webs
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shows what each organism eats in a particular ecosystem (more complex than food chain).
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Why are is the equator more diverse than the poles?
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parasite-predator, high productiviy, stability
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gross photosynthetic effciency
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efficiency with which plants use the total amount of energy available to them
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secondary production
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production of new tissue by primary consumers
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Where does most evaporation occur during the global water cycle?
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over the ocean
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What are some effects on the water cycle due to land clearing?
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increase run off, decrease rainfall by decreasing terrestial evaporation
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Why can't carbon be stored sufficently in the ocean?
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Low rate of exchange
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Why are fossil fuels so bad?
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The carbon produced by them can't be getting rid of fast enough creating a green house effect
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What are three human effects on the Nitrogen cycle?
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industrial fertilizers, crop cultivation using N2 fixers, fossil fuel combustion
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In what form does nitrogen have to be in to be used by plants?
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NO3 or NH4
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What are two main areas of human impact?
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Global warming, and productivity increase
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Why is productivity increase bad?
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decreases the species richness and can cause increase in eutrophication
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eutrophication
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the conversion of a lake to a highly productive ecosystem with rapid decomposition, low oxygen levels, and rapid decomposing organic matter
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What is most of the NPP used for in an ecosystem?
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respiration by primary consumers
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biodeversity
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all distinctive populations and species living today
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genetic diversity
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diversity in a parituclar species (allele diversity)
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species diversity
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variety of species in a community
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ecosystem diversity
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variety of ecosystems in a particular region
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direct benefits of biodiversity
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any benefit from when a plant is cultivated
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indirect benefit of biodiversity
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anything beyond the direct use of a species
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ecosystem services
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processes that increase the quality of the abiotic enviorment
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Taxon-specific survey
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estimation of a specific type of organism such as insect living today
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All-Taxon survey
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estimation of all species in a particular ecosystem
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location of largest all-taxon survey
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The Great Smokey Mountains National Park
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endemic species
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taxa that are found nwhere else or a high proportion of endangered species
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What happened on Easter Island?
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resources were overexploited making the island inhabital for organisms
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invasive species
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exotic species that are introduced to a new area
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habitat destruction
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destruction of a habitat by humans
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habitat fragmentation
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fragmenting large areas of natural habitats into small isolated fragments
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What are three problems that can occur when there is an invasive species?
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competition, disease, predation
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domino effect
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endangering one species causes another species to go endangered
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sustainability
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planned use of resources at a rate only as fast as the rate at which they are produced
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NGO
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Nongovernmental Organization
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What are the two conservation strategies?
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in situ, ex situ
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in situ
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protected areas
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ex situ
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zoos, aquaria, and botanical gardens
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sustainable development
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economic progress for local communities
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What does a GAP analysis do?
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compares the current distribution of species with the locations of preserved habitats
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