Bi Test 2

Front 1

Plasma Membrane

Back 1

Outer double layer lipoprotein membrane which is selectively permeable. It is built according to the fluid mosaic model and has the consistency of olive oil.

Front 2

Adhesion Proteins

Back 2

Attach animal cells together.

Front 3

Recognition Proteins

Back 3

Glycoprotein cell markers that work with your immune system.

Front 4

Receptor Proteins

Back 4

Where signal molecules attach (provide irritability)

Front 5

Channel Proteins

Back 5

Non Selective transport channels

Front 6

Carrier Proteins

Back 6

Selective transport channels.

Front 7

Passive Transport

Back 7

Movement from high to low concentration. It is up to 300,000 times faster in Air than water.

Front 8

Diffusion

Back 8

Passive movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethanol and small fat soluble compounds through the phospholipid layer.

Front 9

Facilitated Transport

Back 9

Passive movement of ions and small polar covalent compounds through channel or carrier proteins.

Front 10

Osmosis

Back 10

passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. (Any part of the membrane).

Front 11

Isotonic Solution

Back 11

Same concentrations of water inside and outside the cell (Marine Organisms).

Front 12

Hypertonic Solution

Back 12

Higher concentration of water inside then out, causing the cell to shrink (Terrestrial Organisms)

Front 13

Hypotonic Solution

Back 13

Higher concentration of water outside the cell then in, causing the cell to swell.

Front 14

Active Transport

Back 14

Movement of selected ions (Ca++, Na+, K+) and small polar covalent compounds across membranes through carrier proteins against the concentration gradient. About 40% of all ATP energy is used this way.

Front 15

Endocytosis

Back 15

Occurs when the plasma membrane engulfs substances.

Front 16

Phagocytosis

Back 16

Engulfing solid particles into food vacuoles

Front 17

Pinocytosis

Back 17

Engulfing liquid droplets into vessicles. It may be receptor-mediated. Using receptor proteins for specific compounds.

Front 18

Exocytosis

Back 18

Occurs when large compounds are discharged out of cells from vesicles. Produced by golgi bodies.

Front 19

Cell Wall

Back 19

Nonliving, semi rigid layer secreted outside the plasma membrane that provides support and protection for plant, fungi, and algae cells.

Front 20

Primary cell wall

Back 20

thin flexible layer composed of cellulose found in all plant cells

Front 21

Secondary cell wall

Back 21

thick inner rigid layer composed of cellulose hardened with ligmin found in support cells.

Front 22

Pits

Back 22

holes through the wall around plasmodesmonta (strands of cytoplasm with a single strand of smooth ER connecting adjacent cells).

Front 23

Middle Lamella

Back 23

Pectin layer that glues adjacent plant cell walls together.

Front 24

Kilocalorie

Back 24

1000 calories used to measure energy requirements for an organism. (1 calorie = heat required to raise 1 gram of water 1degree C)

Front 25

ATP Units

Back 25

Used to measure energy within cells

Front 26

Autotrophs

Back 26

Organisms that get all their energy and nutrients directly from the physical environment.

Front 27

Light Reaction

Back 27

Occurs in the Grana of the chloroplasts and requires visible light. (In this process light energy is captured by special pigments and converted into chemical energy).

Front 28

Photosystems

Back 28

Packets of 200-300 pigment molecules

Front 29

Photosystem 1

Back 29

contains mostly chlorophyll A (green pigment that absorbs red and blue/violet light).

Front 30

Photosystem 2

Back 30

Contains 80% chlorophyll B (green pigment that absorbs mostly blue light). and 20% carotenoids (Yellow, orange, and red pigments that absorb blue-violet light).

Front 31

Accessory Pigments

Back 31

Capture light energy and pass it on to chlorophyll A for processing.

Front 32

Electron transport chain

Back 32

series of enzymes that make ATP by a process called chemiosmosis.

Front 33

Cyclic Photosphorylation

Back 33

Primitive light reaction requiring photosystem 1 that produces only ATP. ATP cannot be stored, but can be used for immediate energy.

Front 34

Non Cyclic Potophosphorylation

Back 34

Normal pathway requiring photosystem 1 and 2 that produces ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen Gas. (This process must occur 6 times to get enough energy to go through the dark reaction once.

Front 35

Oxygen Gas

Back 35

Makes up 21% of the present atmosphere and is totally renewed by plants and algae every 2000 years. It combines itself to form ozone which protects the earth against ultraviolet radiation.

Front 36

Dark Reaction

Back 36

occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast and does not require sunlight. In this process the chemical energy produced in the light reaction is stored away in the form of PGAL.

Front 37

C3 Synthesis

Back 37

Carbon dioxide in the air is captured by RuBP Carboxylase and is used to make PGAL. (building block for all other organic compounds in the cell).

Front 38

Stomata

Back 38

opening in leaves for gas exchange. (they close on hot days to prevent water loss).

Front 39

C4 Synthesis

Back 39

Used by 20% of all plants to solve this problem. (C3 synthesis hot days closing of the stomata).

Front 40

Holotrophs

Back 40

Kill and eat organisms

Front 41

Parasites

Back 41

Absorb nutrients from a living host and provide in return.

Front 42

Saprotrophs

Back 42

Decay dead organisms (fungi and bacteria).

Front 43

Digestion

Back 43

Hydrolysis reaction and is not part of cellular respiration, because no usable energy is released.

Front 44

Glycolysis

Back 44

Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells and does not require oxygen.

Front 45

Aerobic Respiration

Back 45

Occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygen

Front 46

Electron Transport Chain

Back 46

Occurs in the cristae and makes ATP by chemiosmosis using ATP synthase.

Front 47

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 47

Occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen. The main goal is to free up NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

Front 48

Lactate Fermintation

Back 48

Occurs in animal muscle cells when oxygen is not present.

Front 49

Glycolisis and Lactate Fermintation

Back 49

release 2ATP in usable form from each glucose. Most energy is lost as heat.

Front 50

Alcoholic Fermintation

Back 50

occurs in prokaryotic cells and yeast when no oxygen is present.

Front 51

Glycolysis and Alcoholic Fermintation

Back 51

This process is used to make beer and wine and to raise bread.