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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four chemical components that constitutes cells?
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Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and polysaccharides.
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What is the cytoplasmic membrane?
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The barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside.
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What is cytoplasm?
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Material in which structures and chemicals inside the cell are suspended.
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What are the 6 characteristics of living systems?
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Metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication and evolution.
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What is metabolism?
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The uptake of nutirents from the environment, their transformation within the cell and elimination of wastes into the environment. The cell is thus an open system.
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What is reproduction (for cells)?
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Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the direction of preexisting cells.
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What is differentiation?
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Formation of a new cell structure such as a spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle.
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What are the coding functions of cells?
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Via DNA, replication or gene expression via transcription to RNA that undergoes translation into protein that leads to reproduction (growth)
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What are the machine functions of cells?
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Energy: ADP + P --> ATP; metabolism: generation of precursors of macromoluecules; Enzymes: metabolic catalysts
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What is necessary for the machine and coding functions of a cell to work?
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There must be adequate energy from the chemical machinery & precursors for biosynthesis of macromolecules plus DNA replication.
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What is the link between the machine and coding device?
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Growth (reproduction)
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Define microbial habitat:
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the location in an environment where the microbial population live
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What are the four chemical components that constitutes cells?
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Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and polysaccharides.
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Define microbial community:
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In microbial habitats, a population of cells rarely live alone, rather they live and interact with other populations in microbial communities.
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What is the cytoplasmic membrane?
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The barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside.
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What is cytoplasm?
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Material in which structures and chemicals inside the cell are suspended.
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How do microorganisms (mo) change the chemical and physical properties of their habitats?
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By removing nutrients from the environment via metabolic processes to build new cells & @ the same time excrete waste products, over time this cycling of nutrients changes the habitat.
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Give an example of how mo change the habitat?
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Aerobes make an oxic habitat anoxic.
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What are the 6 characteristics of living systems?
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Metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication and evolution.
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What is metabolism?
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The uptake of nutirents from the environment, their transformation within the cell and elimination of wastes into the environment. The cell is thus an open system.
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What is reproduction (for cells)?
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Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the direction of preexisting cells.
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What is differentiation?
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Formation of a new cell structure such as a spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle.
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What are the coding functions of cells?
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Via DNA, replication or gene expression via transcription to RNA that undergoes translation into protein that leads to reproduction (growth)
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What are the machine functions of cells?
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Energy: ADP + P --> ATP; metabolism: generation of precursors of macromoluecules; Enzymes: metabolic catalysts
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What is necessary for the machine and coding functions of a cell to work?
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There must be adequate energy from the chemical machinery & precursors for biosynthesis of macromolecules plus DNA replication.
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What is the link between the machine and coding device?
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Growth (reproduction)
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Define microbial habitat:
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the location in an environment where the microbial population live
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Define microbial community:
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In microbial habitats, a population of cells rarely live alone, rather they live and interact with other populations in microbial communities.
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How do microorganisms (mo) change the chemical and physical properties of their habitats?
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By removing nutrients from the environment via metabolic processes to build new cells & @ the same time excrete waste products, over time this cycling of nutrients changes the habitat.
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Give an example of how mo change the habitat?
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Aerobes make an oxic habitat anoxic.
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How are MO important in food and agriculture?
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Food: cheese and yogurt
Agriculture: legumes have nodules that have bacteria that convert N2 --> NH3 (fertilizer), also rumen in farm animals |
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How are MO important for energy?
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biofuels can be made by MO, eg. methanol and ethanol
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How are MO important for biotechnology?
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For genetic engineering, like for insulin.
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Who invented the first microscope?
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Leeuwenhoeck in 1676 created a single lense microscope.
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Who is Ferdinand Cohn?
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He recognized the difference betewen prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular organization; discovered bacterial endospores and founded field of bacteriology
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What did Louis Pasteur do?
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Discredited the theory of spontaneous generation.
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What did Koch do?
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Grew the first pure cultures, created the solid media, discovered cause of TB, developed criteria for study of infectous MOs.
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Koch's Postulates:
Step One - Observe |
Observe - pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from the healthy animals.
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Koch's Postulates:
Step Two - Isolate |
The suspected organism should be grown in a pure culture.
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Koch's Postulates:
Step Three - Infect |
Cells from a pure culture should cause disease in the healthy animal.
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Koch's Postulates:
Step Four - Re-Isolate |
The organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.
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Who is Walter Hesse?
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Discovered the quantitative determination of MOs contained in the atmosphere
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Who's Beljernick?
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Created the concept of the virus and enrichment culture technique that provides the conditions for selection
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Who's Winogradsky?
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Concept of chemolithotrophy (use of other compound) and autotrophy ( CO2 as sole source of C) see fig 1.16 in book
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What are the shapes of bacteria?
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Coccus
Rod Spiriling Spirochete Budding appendage Filamentous |
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What is the advatage for MO cells to be so small?
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A metabolic advantage.
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What do prokaryotes consist of?
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Bacteria and Archaea
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Define: virus
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Major class of MO, but they aren't cells, lack many attributes of cells, most imp. they aren't open systems; viruses are static structures and only reproduce when it infects
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