Bi 140 Exam Two

Front 1

Adaptation
Radiation

Back 1

Population changes as it occupies different habitats

Front 2

Darwin published his theory?

Back 2

1859. "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"

Front 3

Evolution Before Darwin

Back 3

*Anaximander- Life arose from water
*Aristole- Species are fixed and do not evolve

Front 4

Paleontologists construct

Back 4

Phylogenic Trees or Evolutionary Trees

Front 5

Alfred Russel Wallace

Back 5

* Independently discovered natural selection (spent 11ys along the Amazon)
* Influenced by the same factors as Darwin.
*Naturalist working in Malaysia
*Jointly presented theory with Darwin

Front 6

How do scientists depict evolutionary relationships?

Back 6

*Phylogenetic trees- show patterns of relationships
*Ernest Haeckel

Front 7

Oldest Fossils

Back 7

Prokaryotes - 3.6 BYA

Front 8

Examples of Natural Selection

Back 8

*Found in Galapagos Islands
*Show change from common ancestor
*Beaks are adaptations to food source
*All are thought to be from a single common ancestor from the mainland

Front 9

Comparative Embryology

Back 9

*shows relatedness among organisms
*Similarities among embryos pt out to common ancestors
*Similar genes w/new instructions overtime

Front 10

Earth's believed age during Darwin's time

Back 10

6,000 to 10,000

Front 11

What provides strong, direct evidence for evolution?

Back 11

Studying changes in molecular record.

Front 12

Earth's estimated age today?

Back 12

4.6 bya

Front 13

Was Darwin the first to suggest Evolution?

Back 13

No. Lamarck proposed evolutionary ideas before Darwin.
* He observed species inheritance by acquired characteristics
* He believed species change because of need

Front 14

Two types of Fossil Dating:

Back 14

1. Carbon Dating & 2. Radioactive Dating: give accurate time relationship, shows that time existed for organisms to develop ancestoral forms

Front 15

Why are Fossils important?

Back 15

* Fossils create an ordered record of life w/in the earth's crust bottom layer(oldest) to the top (newest) layer

Front 16

Comparative Anatomy

Back 16

*Related organisms have the same structure as common ancestor
*Modifications reflect adaptions
*Homologous same embryological origin

Front 17

Name the (4) Evidences of Evolution

Back 17

1.Fossils & 2.Comparative Anatomy: Influenced Darwin along w/ Geology
3. Modern Day: Comparative Embryology & 4. Molecular evidence (Most Profound)

Front 18

* Example Genetic Variation

Back 18

Mosquitos-DDT(pesticide) Genetic variation killed off mosquitos affected by the DDT and increased moquitos w/ geneic variation that as not affected by DDT

Front 19

Genetic Variation

Back 19

* raw material of evolution
* Heritable difference among individuals

Front 20

Sickle Cell Mutation

Back 20

*Single nucleotide mutation
*Sickle cell disease is recessive
*Heterozygous resistant to malaria
*Not affected by disease
*Confers adavantage

Front 21

What causes mutations?

Back 21

1. Spontaneous occurence
2. Radiation
3. Chemicals
4. Transposons

Front 22

Adaptive Traits

Back 22

* Allows individuals to live to reproduce
*Provides opportunity for future environmental change

Front 23

Example of Genetic Variation

Back 23

Mosquitos DDT(pesticide): genetic variation killed off mosquitos affected by the DDT and increased mosquitos w/ genes resistant to the DDT.

Front 24

Results of Mutations:
*Harmful
*Beneficial
*Neutral

Back 24

Harmful:
*Non-adaptive *Eliminated by selection
Beneficial:
*Adaptive *Selected and persist
Neutral:
*Neither adaptive nor non adaptive
*May or may not persist in a gene pool.

Front 25

Sexual Reproduction

Back 25

*Major source of genetic variation
*Mixing of genes in sexually reproducing populations creates more genetic variation
*Eukaryotic Organism genes are shuffled and dealt ou to offspring in fresh combination

Front 26

Neo-Darwinism

Back 26

*incorporates new knowledge of genetics
*Population genetics
*Modern synthesis - incorporates both darwinism and neodarwinism

Front 27

Natural Selection acts on:

Back 27

Phenotypes, affecting genotypes of population

Front 28

What is Sickle Cell?

Back 28

Mutation of protein in RBC and they become trapped in the capillaries

Front 29

Natural selection acts on phenotypes which reflects the underlying:
a) environmental influences b) genotypes of population members
c) lack of variation in population members
d) All of the above

Back 29

Genotypes of population members

Front 30

When a donkey and a horse are mated, a mule is produced that cannot reproduce. This is an example of:
a. mechanical isolation
b. hybrid inviability
c. hybrid breakdown
d. hybrid sterility

Back 30

hybrid sterility

Front 31

A new source of alleles in a population is
a) Inbreeding
b) Sexual reproduction
c) The environment
d) Mutation

Back 31

mutations

Front 32

The sexually transmissible disease gonorrhea has become increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. What is the most likely explanation?
a) The germs learned to avoid the antibiotics.
b) The germs changed their genes when they sensed antibiotics.
c) Antibiotic-sensitive germs died out and antibiotic resistant germs flourished.
d) The germs developed a mutation when they sensed the antibiotic

Back 32

Antibiotic-sensitive germs died out and antibiotic resistant germs flourished.

Front 33

Two fish that live nearby in similar environments look totally unlike each other. The following conclusion can be made about this observation.
a) They are not the same species
b) The are the same species
c) The are not related to each other
d) There is not enough information given to determine their relationship

Back 33

There is not enough information given to determine their relationship

Front 34

Which of the following is an example of hybrid inviability:
a) A horse and donkey mate to produce a sterile mule
b) A watermelon pollinates a cucumber plant producing fruit with no seeds
c) A dog and coyotes mate to produce several generation of wild dogs
d) A hybrid population of mustard plants produce offspring that readily die from diseases

Back 34

A hybrid population of mustard plants produce offspring that readily die from diseases

Front 35

Presence of blue eyes is due to a recessive allele Individuals with blue eyes can be represented by the following allelic combination(s)
a). Bb
b) bb
c) BB
d) A and C
e) B and C

Back 35

bb

Front 36

The over harvesting of oysters in the Chesapeake Bay has resulted in (read environmental contamination):
a. an inhospitable environment for manatees, giant sturgeon, and whales
b. a change in climate in the area around the bay
c) little to no impact overall on the fishing business
d) an improvement in water quality in the bay

Back 36

an inhospitable environment for manatees, giant sturgeon, and whales

Front 37

Miller’s experiment was conducted to test which hypothesis?
a. How did life originate on Earth?
b. Primitive atmosphere formed conditions for the formation of complex organic molecules.
c. Enzymes are constructed from amino acids.
d. Life originated 3.6 billion years ago.

Back 37

Primitive atmosphere formed conditions for the formation of complex organic molecules.

Front 38

Which organism is an example of overspecialization?
a. cheetah
b. Dodo birds
c. Homo sapiens
d. Blue butterfly

Back 38

Blue butterflies

Front 39

When did the first primates appear?
a) 200 million years ago
b) 65 million years ago
c) 100 years ago
d) 50 years ago

Back 39

65 million years ago

Front 40

Presence of blue eyes is due to a recessive allele Individuals with blue eyes can be represented by the following allelic combination(s)
a). Bb
b) bb
c) BB
d) A and C
e) B and C

Back 40

bb

Front 41

The over harvesting of oysters in the Chesapeake Bay has resulted in (read environmental contamination):
a. an inhospitable environment for manatees, giant sturgeon, and whales
b. a change in climate in the area around the bay
c) little to no impact overall on the fishing business
d) an improvement in water quality in the bay

Back 41

an inhospitable environment for manatees, giant sturgeon, and whales

Front 42

Miller’s experiment was conducted to test which hypothesis?
a. How did life originate on Earth?
b. Primitive atmosphere formed conditions for the formation of complex organic molecules.
c. Enzymes are constructed from amino acids.
d. Life originated 3.6 billion years ago.

Back 42

Primitive atmosphere formed conditions for the formation of complex organic molecules.

Front 43

Which organism is an example of overspecialization?
a. cheetah
b. Dodo birds
c. Homo sapiens
d. Blue butterfly

Back 43

blue butterflies

Front 44

When did the first primates appear?
a) 200 million years ago
b) 65 million years ago
c) 100 years ago
d) 50 years ago

Back 44

65 million years ago

Front 45

The over harvesting of oysters in the Chesapeake Bay has resulted in (read environmental contamination):
a. an inhospitable environment for manatees, giant sturgeon, and whales
b. a change in climate in the area around the bay
c) little to no impact overall on the fishing business
d) an improvement in water quality in the bay

Back 45

an inhospitable environment for manatees, giant sturgeon, and whales

Front 46

Miller’s experiment was conducted to test which hypothesis?
a. How did life originate on Earth?
b. Primitive atmosphere formed conditions for the formation of complex organic molecules.
c. Enzymes are constructed from amino acids.
d. Life originated 3.6 billion years ago.

Back 46

Primitive atmosphere formed conditions for the formation of complex organic molecules.

Front 47

Which organism is an example of overspecialization?
a. cheetah
b. Dodo birds
c. Homo sapiens
d. Blue butterfly

Back 47

Dodo birds

Front 48

When did the first primates appear?
a) 200 million years ago
b) 65 million years ago
c) 100 years ago
d) 50 years ago

Back 48

65 million years ago

Front 49

Multicellular organisms originated in this era:
a) Archean
b) Paleozoic
c) Proterozoic
d) Cenozoic

Back 49

Proterozoic

Front 50

17.Which pair would have the most similar gene sequences?
a) Horse and cat.
b) Whale and cat.
c) Deer and whale.
d) Cat and hippopotamus.
e) Whale and hippopotamus

Back 50

Whale and hippopotamus

Front 51

Which pair has the most recent common ancestor?
a) Horse and cat.
b) Whale and cat.
c) Deer and whale.
d) Cat and hippopotamus.
e) Whale and hippopotamus

Back 51

Whale and hippopotamus

Front 52

Archean (4.6 bya)

Back 52

Origin of earth 4.6 bya
First Rocks Form 3.8 bya
First living cells appear 3.5 bya
First Stromalites form

Front 53

Proterozoic (2.6 bya)

Back 53

Oxygenation of atmosphere and oceans
Eukaryotic cells appear 1.8bya
Multicellular organisms 1.2bya
fungi appear
Multicellular animals appear 600mya

Front 54

Paleozoic

Back 54

from 544 mya to 250 mya

Front 55

Mesozoic 250 to 65 mya

Back 55

Dinosaurs appear
Pangea super continent formed
210 mya major extinction
flowering plants appear
major dinosaur extinction

Front 56

Cenozoic 65 mya

Back 56

Primates appear 43 mya
Homo species 2 mya
Homo sapiens 200,000 yrs ago

Front 57

Morphological Species

Back 57

Groups organisms based on appearance.
Problem: two members of the same species can look different.

Front 58

Biological Species Concept

Back 58

1. requires groups of interbreeding nat. pop.
2. requires reproductive isolation
3. widely accepted, difficult to prove
4. reproductive isolation blocks exchange of genes btwn species & keeps their gene pool separate

Front 59

Isolating Mechanism
Pre-mating (maintain genetic isolation)

Back 59

Geographical Isolation- finches on different islands
Habitat Isolation-regions with different conditions fungi top of cliff and bottom of cliff
Temporal Isolation-breeding sites are diff, breeding time diff ex: frogs
Behavioral Isolation: different courtship behavior peacock
Mechanical Isolation:reproductive structure differs

Front 60

Isolating Mechanism
Post-mating

Back 60

Hybrid inviability- hybrids die before reaching maturity
Hybrid sterility-produce sterile offspring (mules)
Hybrid

Front 61

Localized Distribution

Back 61

a particular species lives w/in a very small geo range, in the event of a catastrophic geo change that small location the species will be on the verge of extinction bc it lacks the capability to adapt.

Front 62

Low genetic variability

Back 62

threatens Cheetah's survival. species does not have enough genetic diversity/ containing diff genotypes.

Front 63

Factors in Extinction Process

Back 63

1. Habitat Loss-deforestation
2. Environmental Contamination-toxic substances
3. Overkilling- chesap bay. oysters
4. Commercial use and abuse

Front 64

Stanley Miller Harold Urey
Could Organic Molecules From Spontaneously?

Back 64

Complex molecule formed!

Front 65

Biological Organic Molecules
-precurser Molecules - organic compound

Back 65

amino *acids>Proteins>Enzymes: (speed things but cant make itself)
*Sugar>carbohydrates
*Fatty Acids>Lipids
*Nucleotides>Nucleic Acid (DNA RNA) RNA makes DNA> DNA makes itself

Front 66

The universe formed from an explosion about 15 bya

Back 66

*Big Bang Theory
-explosion of super condensed matter
-universe was born approx. 15 bya

Front 67

The gases and dust from the big bang produced an early generation of stars which further gave rise to space debris to give birth to new stars and planets.

Back 67

THIS PROCESS IS ONGOING

Front 68

Origin of earth

Back 68

* Early stars exploded forming nebulae
*Space debris gave rise to stars and planets
* the molten collection of mass (earth) cooled forming a hardened outer crust. took a billion of years to cool.
* The oldest rocks on earth formed 3.8 bya
*3.6 bya life began

Front 69

Organic molecules

Back 69

are carbon containg natural compounds along w/ H and O, sometimes also N,P,S
*There is a total of 92 naturally occuring elements

Front 70

Primordial Soup Theory

Back 70

stated that life arose in the sea as elements ans simple compounds of the primitive atmosphere reacted to form simple organic molecules like amino acids and sugars.
The Formation of enzyme from amino acids would have lead to the formation of complex organic molecules like RNA then eventually DNA.
* in the 300 mya btwn th etime when the Earth cooled and the first bacteria appeared, biochemical evolution became biological evolution

Front 71

Prosimians (lemurs, Lorises, and Tarsiers)

Back 71

*Extant, primitive primates
*Most noctural
*Today only on Madagascar

Front 72

Anthropoids

Back 72

*Monkeys, apes, and humans
*Rounded molars
*Diurnal (DAYTIME)
*Color Vision
*Larger Brains
*Live in social groups

Front 73

Hominids

Back 73

*Lesser Apes
*Great Apes Chimpanzee, Orangutan

Front 74

Hominins

Back 74

*Extinct human species
* Modern human