Bi 140- Chapter 3

Front 1

Symbols for a single bond:

Back 1

H-H

Front 2

Symbol for a double bond:

Back 2

H=O

Front 3

How are elements determined?

Back 3

The number of PROTONS determines the elements

Front 4

What are atoms and How do they interact?

Back 4

ATOMS ARE SUBATOMIC UNITS OF MATTER THAT INTERACT BY MEANS OF ELECTRONS.

Front 5

What is matter?

Back 5

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

Front 6

OXYGEN
{O}

Back 6

NECESSARY FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION
COMPONENT OF WATER

Front 7

CARBON
{C}

Back 7

BACKBONE FOR ORGANIC MOLECULES, ALL ORGANIC MOLECULES CONTAIN CARBON, MOST CONTAIN HYDROGEN

Front 8

HYDROGEN
{H}

Back 8

ELECTRON CARRIER, COMPONENT OF WATER, IN MOST ORGANIC MOLECULES

Front 9

NITROGEN
{N}

Back 9

COMPONENT OF ALL PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS.

Front 10

CALCIUM
{Ca}

Back 10

COMPONENT OF BONES AND TEETH, TRIGGER FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Front 11

PHOSPHORUS
{P}

Back 11

BACKBONE FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS, IMPORTANT IN ENERGY TRANSFER

Front 12

POTASSIUM
{K}

Back 12

PRINCIPAL (+) ION IN CELLS, IMPORTANT IN NERVE FUNCTION.

Front 13

SULFUR
{S}

Back 13

COMPONENT OF MOST PROTIENS

Front 14

CHLORINE
{Cl}

Back 14

PRINCIPAL (-) ION BATHING CELL

Front 15

SODIUM
{Na}

Back 15

PRINCIPAL (+) ION BATHING CELLS, IMPORTANT IN NERVE FUNCTION

Front 16

MAGNESIUM
{Mg}

Back 16

CRITICAL COMPONENT OF MANY ENERGY- TRANSFERRING ENZYMES

Front 17

IRON
{Fe]

Back 17

CRITICAL COMPONENT OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE BLOOD

Front 18

What are ATOMS?

Back 18

[submicroscopic units of matter]
[smallest unit of all physical material that still retains its property]
[composed of sub-atomic particles: Protons; Electrons; and Neutrons]
[Atoms are neutral (w/o any electrical; charge)]
[Elements are made of a single kind of atom]
[Type determined by its number of protons]
[

Front 19

Structure of Atoms:

Back 19

Protons:
*in nucleus
*+charge
*determines elements
Neutrons
*In nucleus
*No charge
*Determines isotope
Electrons
*surround nucleus
*(-) charge
*participates in chemical reactions

Front 20

Rule for electron distribution:

Back 20

1. Max 2 electrons in 1st level
2. Max 8 electrons in 2nd level
3. Max 8 electrons in 3rd level

Front 21

Octet Rule:

Back 21

1. Outermost energy shell cannot have more 8 electrons.
2. Outermost energy level should be complete (8 electrons) for the atom to be STABLE.

Front 22

Atomic number:

Back 22

# of protons

Front 23

Atomic Mass; Weight; Mass #

Back 23

Reflects the # of protons + the # of neutrons

Front 24

When are atoms neutral?

Back 24

For Atoms to be neutral in charge the number of protons must = the number of electrons

Front 25

What are isotopes?

Back 25

* same # of protons, DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS.
Carbon 12 > Carbon 13, Carbon will always have 6 protons when the electrons change it becomes a Carbon isotope.

Front 26

Electrons

Back 26

* could be found anywhere around the nucleus.
* most like location is its shell
* energy increases away from the nulceus
* # of protons also increase energy.

Front 27

Atoms interact to form Molecules and Compounds

Back 27

MOLECULES:
* Combinations of atoms
COMPOUNDS:
* Molecules with different atoms
METHODS OF COMBINATION:
* sharing electrons
* attract via opposing electron charges

Front 28

Ionic Bonds

Back 28

Atoms that have lost or gained electron (ions) bond by the attraction of opposing electrical charges. A giver tends to interact with a taker.

Front 29

Define Oxidation:

Back 29

When an atom loses (gives up) an electron, it is oxidized

Front 30

Define Reduction:

Back 30

Conversely to the process of Oxidation, when an atom gains an electron, it becomes reduced

Front 31

Oxidation and Reduction:

Back 31

They always take place together because every electron that is lost by an atom (oxidation) is gained by some other atom (reduction). They are called REDOX REACTIONS.

Front 32

An Atom is a(n)
a. subatomic particle
b. isotope with a single proton
a. submicroscopic particle that makes up matter
d. particle carrying a positive charge.

Back 32

c. submicroscopic particle that makes up matter.

Front 33

In covalent bonding:
a. ions give and take electrons.
b. atoms share electron pairs.
c. oxidation occurs
d. cohesion holds the molecule together.

Back 33

a. ions give and take electrons

Front 34

Diatomic molecules:
a. are made up of two atoms
b. have double bonds
c. have two protons, 2 electrons, and two neutrons
d. have two electrons in each shell

Back 34

a. are made up of two atoms

Front 35

Oil and water don't mix because:
a. the surface tension of the oil is not great enough
b. oil molecules are too cohesive
c. hydrogen bonds will not allow the interaction
d. water does not dissolve nonpolar substances

Back 35

d. water does not dissolve nonpolar substances

Front 36

Describe Acid:

Back 36

Acid dissociates to form H+ ions in water
pH < 7

Front 37

Describe Base:

Back 37

Base accept H+ ions in water
pH > 7

Front 38

Neutral pH:

Back 38

Neutral pH is at 7.
determined by taking negative value of exponents of its H+ ions concentration.
Blood is 7, inside a cell in 7.

Front 39

What is Ionization?

Back 39

Process of spontaneous ion formation; water, when ionized can be accepted or donate protons in the reaction of life.

Front 40

When salt is dissolved in water, _______ form around the sodium and the chloride ions, keeping them apart.
a) Solutes
b) hydrophobic bonds
c) Hydration shells
d) solvent

Back 40

b. hydration shells

Front 41

Most solutions in living things have a pH around:
a) 0 b) 7 c) 9 d) 11

Back 41

b) 7

Front 42

In a double covalent bond, how many electrons PAIRS are shared between atoms?
a) One pair
b) two pairs
c) Three pairs
d) Electrons are transferred not shared

Back 42

b) two pairs

Front 43

Noble gases like helium and radon:
a) Are inert (NOT REACTIVE)
b) Exist as single atoms
c) Do not react readily with other atoms
d) all of the above

Back 43

d) all of the above

Front 44

In an atom how many electrons can the first energy shell hold?
a) 2 b) 4 c) 8 d) 18

Back 44

a) 2

Front 45

In general the number of ____ in an element determines the element.
a) Protons
b) neutrons
c) Electrons
d) both a and b

Back 45

a) Protons

Front 46

Molecules made up of atoms of different elements are:
a) Isotopes
b) elements
c) Compounds
d) mixtures

Back 46

c) Compounds

Front 47

How many atoms are represented in the chemical formula H2SO4?
a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 8

Back 47

c) 7

Front 48

A solution with a pH value of 8.5 is:
a) Acidic b) neutral
c.) Basic d) both b and c

Back 48

c.) Basic

Front 49

When a sodium atom reacts with a chlorine atom to form salt, the sodium atom:
a) Loses an electron to the chlorine atom
b) Gains an electron from the chlorine atom
c) Becomes negatively charged
d) Is reduced (gain of electrons)

Back 49

a) Loses an electron to the chlorine atom

Front 50

11. Which of the following does not belong to the primate group called the anthropoids?
a) Lemur
b) Chimpanzee
c) Gorilla
d) Human

Back 50

a) Lemur

Front 51

The function in of Oxygen in the human body
a) Backbone of organic molecules
b) Important in nerve function
c) Component of amino group
d) Necessary for respiration

Back 51

d) Necessary for respiration

Front 52

he two critical steps in the evolution of humans were:
a) Culture and language
b) Bipedalism and large brain
c) Making and using tools
d) Nocturnal living

Back 52

b) Bipedalism and large brain

Front 53

What is the approximate time of origin of humans
(genus Homo)
a) 2 bya b) 6 mya, c) 100,000 d) 2 mya

Back 53

d) 2 mya

Front 54

List 3 characteristic of nobles gases:

Back 54

1) atoms of elements that = # of protons and electrons
2) have full outer-electron energy levels are the only ones that exist as single atoms
3) they do not react readily with other elements.
3)

Front 55

What is ionic bond?

Back 55

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons; bond by the attraction of opposing electrical charges

Front 56

What is the name of the name of the process of gaining an electron is called:

Back 56

REDUCTION

Front 57

What is the name of the process by which an atom gives up or loses an electron is called:

Back 57

OXIDATION

Front 58

When atoms take an electron they acquire a ____ charge?

Back 58

Negative

Front 59

When atoms give up an electron they acquire a ______ charge.

Back 59

Positive.

Front 60

Covalent bonds bond by:

Back 60

bond by sharing outer shell electrons. Strong bond cannot be broken by regular methods.

Front 61

How many covalent bonds can C make?

Back 61

C can make 4 covalent bonds.

Front 62

What is the significance of C in life?

Back 62

C atoms are versatile and are the bases for all four primary biological molecules Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.