Bi 005 Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Front 1

Catabiolic Pathways
What is Cellular Respitation

Back 1

Aerobic and anaerobic catabolic pathways for organic molecules, which use an electron transport chain resulting in the production of ATP.
Aerobic= with oxygen
Anaerobic = without oxygen

Front 2

Catabiolic Pathways
What is Aerobic respiration?

Back 2

Catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain resulting in the production ATP.

Front 3

Catabiolic Pathways
What is redox reaction?

Back 3

Chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more elec-trons from one reaction to another.

Front 4

Catabiolic Pathways
redox reaction
What is oxidation?

Back 4

Loss of electrons from a substance.

Front 5

Catabiolic Pathways
redox reaction
What is reduction?

Back 5

Addition of electrons to a substance.

Front 6

Catabiolic Pathways
redox reaction
What is Goal

Back 6

Catabolic pathways are linked to a
chemical drive shaft – ATP; the cell must
regenerate its sup-ply of ATP from
ADP + P in order to keep working.

Front 7

NAD: (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

Back 7

a co-enzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, acting as an electron carrier.

Front 8

Electron transport chain

Back 8

Sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that re-lease energy to make ATP.

Front 9

Glycolysis

Back 9

Series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate; occurs in almost all living cells serving as the starting point for cellular respiration and fermentation.

Front 10

Citric acid cycle

Back 10

Chemical cycle that involves the breakdown of glucose molecules (initiated in glycolysis) by oxidizing acetyl Co A derived from pyruvate to CO2.

Front 11

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 11

Production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.

Front 12

Chemiosmosis

Back 12

Energy-coupling mechanism that uses
energy stored in the form of a hydro-gen ion gradient across a
membrane to drive cellular work; process by which most ATP
synthesis occurs under aerobic conditions

Front 13

ATP synthase

Back 13

Complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains; found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukary-otic cells, plasma membranes of prokaryotes.

Front 14

Fermentation

Back 14

Catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain; produces characteristic end products (ethanol or lactic acid).

Front 15

Anaerobic respiration

Back 15

Catabolic process in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Front 16

Alcohol fermentation

Back 16

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2.

Front 17

Lactic acid fermentation

Back 17

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release CO2.

Front 18

Obligate anaerobes

Back 18

Organisms that only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; not only is oxygen not required, but may be toxic.

Front 19

Facultative anaerobes

Back 19

Organisms that make ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but can switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.
1. example: Escherichia coli.

Front 20

A.Carbohydrate Metabolism

Back 20

1. In the digestive tract, starch is hydrolyzed to glucose.
2. Between meals, glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose.
3. Digestion of disaccharides (sucrose) provide glucose for respiration.

Front 21

Lipid Metabolism

Back 21

Fats obtained from foods or storage cells in the body can be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol.

2. Fatty acids can be broken down to 2C fragments of acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle.

3. Glycerol can be converted into an intermediate of glycolysis.
4. A gram of fat produces twice as much ATP than a gram of carbohydrate.

5. Carbohydrates not immediately used during respira-tion are converted into lipids and stored in the body.

Front 22

Protein Metabolism

Back 22

1. Proteins must first be broken down into amino acids
2. Amino groups must be removed, otherwise toxic
3. Carboxylic acids can be fed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
4. Protein mols are only used after all carbohydrates and lipids have been exhausted.
5. Protein metabolism results from starvation or anorexia nervosa.