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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars and other organic compounds.
Autotrophs
Organisms that produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules (CO2, H2O), using energy from the sun.
****Self Feeder.
Examples: Green plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria.
Heterotrophs
Organisms incapable of producing their own food, instead living off other organisms or substances produced by them.
Chloroplast
Organelle that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and H2O.
Stomata
Microscopic pores in the leaf that allow CO2 to enter and O2 & water vapor to exit.
 Water is absorbed by the roots
Guard Cells
Regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
Stroma
Dense fluid found within chloroplasts.
Thylakoids
An elaborate system of interconnected
membranous sacs.
Grana
Stacks of thylakoid sacs.
Chlorophyll
Light-energy absorbing green pigment
located within membranes of chloroplasts.
Redox reaction
Chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reaction to another.

a) Oxidation – loss of electrons from a substance.

b) Reduction – addition of electrons to a substance.
NADP+
(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate):
An electron carrier that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reaction.
Light Reaction
Reaction which occurs on the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, converting solar energy to chemical energy – specifically ATP and NADPH – and releasing oxygen in the process.
Calvin Cycle
Reaction which involves the fixation of atmospheric CO2 and the reduction of fixed carbon into carbohydrates.
. Photophosphorylation
Process of generating ATP from ADP by means of chemiosmosis using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane during the light reaction.
Chemiosmosis
energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; process by which most ATP synthesis occurs under aerobic conditions.
Carbon Fixation
Initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound already present in the chloroplast by autotrophs.
A.Nature of Sunlight: Light
is a form of energy known as electromagnetic (EM) energy or radiation. Electromagnetic energy travels in rhythmic waves.
Wavelength
Distance between crests of EM waves.
EM Spectrum
Entire range of EM radiation.
Visible Light
Portion of EM spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye.
Photon
Discrete quantity of light energy that be-haves as if it were a particle; basic unit of light. The amount of energy is inversely related to the wavelength of light – shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy (violet has 2X the amount of energy as red light)
Pigment
Chemical compounds which reflect cer-tain wavelengths of visible light while absorbing other wavelengths of light. Colors we see are reflected by pigments. Colors we don’t see are absorbed by pigments.
Absorption spectrum
Range of a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths of light (chlorophyll). Violet-blue & red (ends of spectrum) are most effective while green (middle of spectrum) is least effective.
Chlorophyll a
Pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, converting solar energy to chemical energy; absorbs blue-violet and red light.
. Chlorophyll b
Accessory pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a; absorbs blue and orange light.

a) Also, absorbs and dissipates excessive light energy.
Photosystem
Light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast; consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes.
Reaction center complex
Complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.

i)Triggers light reaction of photosynthesis.
Light-harvesting complex
Complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction center pigments.
Primary electron acceptor
In thylakoid membrane of chloroplast, specialized molecule that accepts an electron from a pair of chlorophyll a molecules.

i) Passes the electron on to the ETC.
Photosystem II
Light-capturing unit in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast; has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center (red). Absorbs red
Photosystem I
: Light-capturing unit in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast; has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center (far red). Absorbs dark red
Linear electron flow
Route of electron flow that involves both photo systems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (net electron flow from H2O to NADP+.
Cyclic electron flow
Route of electron flow that involves only photo system I and produces ATP, but not NADPH or O.
Calvin Cycle
Second of two major stages in photosynthesis, involving the fixation of atm. carbon dioxide and reduction of the fixed car-bon into carbohydrates (glucose). Anabolic process (building carbohydrates from smaller molecules).
CAM Plants
Crussulacean acid metabolism) plants – adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions; CO2 entering open stomata at night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day when stomata are closed.

1.Examples: cactus, pineapple