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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which agent is associated with "Wool Sorter's disease"?
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Anthrax
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What is the etiologic agent of anthrax?
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Bacillus anthracis
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Is anthrax gram (+) or (-), spore forming or non-spore forming?
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Gram (+)
Spore forming |
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What is unique about the the bacillus anthracis capsule?
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Composed of D-glutamic acid (non-carbohydrate)
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Which 3 proteins are involved in generating toxins released by bacillus anthracis?
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1. Protective antigen (PA)
2. Edema factor (EF) 3. Lethal factor (LF) |
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What is the most common clinical manifestation of anthrax?
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cutaneous anthrax
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What is the incubation period of cutaneous anthrax, and how quickly do most patients recover?
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Incubation: 1 - 5 days
Recover within 10 days of onset |
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How is the laboratory diagnosis of anthrax performed?
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1. Gram stain sputum and pus
2. Culture on blood agar (look for spores) |
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What is the treatment for anthrax?
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1. Ciprofloxacin
2. Penicillin G |
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How long must animal survivors of an anthrax outbreak be quarantined?
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For 21 days after last death
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Is there a vaccine available for anthrax?
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Yes. It is given to high risk populations
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Which infection is results in "undulant fever"?
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Brucellosis
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List the 4 types of brucella spp.
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1. B. melitensis
2. B. abortus 3. B. suis 4. B. canis |
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Is brucella spp. gram (+) or gram (-)?
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Gram (-)
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Is brucella spp. strict anaerobes or aerobes?
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Aerobes
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What is the shape of brucella spp?
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Coccobacilli
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What type of immunity is key to clearance of brucella spp?
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Cell-mediated immunity
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What is the antigenic composition of brucella spp?
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Two cell wall antigens:
1. A antigen (B. abortus and B. suis) 2. M antigen (B. melitensis) |
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Which type of brucella spp lacks A and M antigens?
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B. canis
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Brucella spp. demonstrates tropism for what type of tissue and why?
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Placental tissue (cows, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs)
*Due to erythritol in placental tissue |
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Which type of brucella has a natural reservoir in domestic sheep and goats?
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B. melitensis
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Which type of brucella has a natural reservoir in cattle and bison?
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B. abortus
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Which type of brucella has a natural reservoir in swine, reindeer, caribou, and rodents?
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B. suis
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Which type of brucella has a natural reservoir in domestic and wild canines?
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B. canis
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What sort of clinical manifestations might be present with brucellosis?
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1. Non-specific, flu-like symptoms
2. Undulating fever 3. CNS involvement or endocarditis (rare) |
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List 3 ways brucellosis can be transmitted.
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1. Direct contact with infected animal
2. inhalation of aerolized bacteria 3. Ingestion |
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Stockmen, veternarians, meat inspectors, and wild-boar hunters are at risk for what type of infection?
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Brucellosis
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How is the diagnosis of brucellosis made?
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Blood culture and strain-typing done with anti-A or -M specific sera
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What is the treatment for brucellosis?
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Tetracycline and streptomycin combination therapy
*Relapses are possible |
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Which infection is referred to as "rabbit fever"?
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Tularemia
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What is the etiologic agent behind tularemia?
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Francisella tularensis
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What's the difference between Type A and Type B francisella tularensis?
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Type A--> highly virulent; only in U.S.
Type B --> low virulence; only in Europe |
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What are the natural reservoirs of francisella tularensis?
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1. Ticks
2. Rabbits |
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What is the most common transmission of tularemia?
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Arthropod bites
(ticks, deerflies) |
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What are the two forms of tularemia and which is most common?
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1. Ulceroglandular form <-- MOST COMMON
2. Pneumonic (inhalation) form |
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During what season are most cases of tularemia reported?
Which months are usually tick-associated and which are rabbit-associated? |
Summer (May - October)
April - July --> tick-associated October --> Rabbit-associated |
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How is the diagnosis of tularemia usually made?
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1. Fluorescent assay
2. Increased antibody titer 3. Agglutination test for antibodies *Isolation of organisms is NOT recommended |
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What is the treatment for tularemia?
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Streptomycin
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What is the etiologic agent behind the bubonic plague?
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Yersinia pestis
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What the virulent factors associated with yersinia pestis?
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1. Cell envelope antigengs- F1, V and W
2. Plasmid encodes pesticin toxin |
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What is the clinical triad of symptoms associated with the bubonic plague?
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1. Fever
2. Painful, swollen lymph nodes 3. Conjunctivits |
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List 3 primary reservoirs for yersinia pestis.
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1. Rats (in urban areas)
2. Prairie dogs 3. Ground squirrels |
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How is yersinia pestis transmitted?
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Bite of infected flea
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How is the bubonic plague diagnosed?
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Lymph node aspirates or sputum stained with fluorescent Ab against F-1 antigen
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Yersinia pestis is susceptible to which antibiotics?
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1. Streptomycin
2. Tetracycline 3. Chloramphenicol 4. Sulfonamides |
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What is the etiologic agent behind pasteurollosis?
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Pasteurella multocida
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Which bacteria causes shipping fever in cattle?
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Pasteurella multocida
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Most human infections of pasteurella multocida result from...?
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Direct inoculation (animal bite)
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Hematogenous spread of pasteurella multocida can lead to...?
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1. Osteomyelitis
2. Meningitis 3. Arthritis 4. Endocarditis |
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How is the diagnosis of pasteurollosis made?
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Isolation and identification of organism from pus, sputum, or pharyngeal swab
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What is the drug of choice for pasteurollosis?
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Penicillin
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a result of which bacteria?
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Rickettsiae rickettsii
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Cat scratch disease/ bacillary angiomatosis is a result of which bacteria?
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Bartonella henselae
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What is the optimum growth temperature for Rickettsia rickettsii?
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34*C
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RMSF is especially common in which regions of the U.S.?
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Heartland and southeastern states
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What is the most common of the potentially FATAL tick-borne diseases?
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Rocky mountain spotted fever
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RMSF typically occurs during which seasons?
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Spring and summer
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RMSF is typically seen in what type of individuals?
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Children and young adults
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Which tick is responsible for RMSF in eastern and southern regions of the U.S.?
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Dermacentor variabilis
(dog tick) |
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Which tick is responsible for RMSF in the Rocky Mountains?
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Dermacentor andersonii
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List 3 ticks that may be responsible for RMSF.
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1. D. andersonii (wood tick)
2. D. variabilis (dog tick) 3. Amblyomma maericanum |
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Where does the RMSF rash begin on the body?
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Starts on the extremities and then moves to torso
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How is the diagnosis of RMSF made?
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Serology
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What is the treatment for RMSF?
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Tetracycline or doxycycline
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List 2 ticks that are responsible for transmitting Lyme disease.
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1. Ixodes scapularis (deer tick)
2. A. americanum (lone star tick) |
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What is the etiologic agent behind Lyme disease?
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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What shape is borrelia burgdoferi?
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Spirochete
(Lyme disease) |
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What is the most common tick-borne infectious disease in the U.S.?
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Lyme disease
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What is the characteristic rash associated with lyme disease.
When does it usually develop? |
Erythema migrans
Usually develops a week after bite |
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Arthritis is characteristic of which stage of Lyme disease?
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Chronic disseminated stage
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Cardiac and neurologic problems are seen in which stage of Lyme disease?
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Secondary stage
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Which treatments are used for the early stages of Lyme disease?
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Amoxicillin or doxycycline
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Which treatments are used for the late stages of Lyme disease?
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Penicillin G or Ceftriaxone
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How long must a tick feed for transmission of Lyme disease?
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24-36 hours
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Is a vaccine available for Lyme disease?
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No
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LPS endotoxin is associated with which bacteria?
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Brucella
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List 3 organisms that are on the "A" list of possible bioterrorism agents compiled by the CDC.
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1. Anthrax
2. Tularemia 3. Bubonic plague |
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How is Lyme disease diagnosed?
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ELISA followed by a western blot
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