Bhl Week 5: Hiv And Htlv

Front 1

List 3 genes that are common to all retroviruses.

Back 1

1. gag
2. pol
3. env

Front 2

What do the long terminal repeats (LTR) of the HIV genome contain?

Back 2

1. Virus promotor
2. Transcriptional terminator
3. Polyadenylation sequence

Front 3

Which precursor protein contains all the structural proteins of the interior of the virion?

Back 3

Gag

Front 4

When is gag cleaved?

Back 4

During maturation
(cleaved by viral protease--PR)

Front 5

Which HIV gene product encodes four enzymes?

Back 5

Pol
(encodes: PR, IN, RT, and RNase H)

Front 6

What is the precursor protein of the envelope glycoproteins?

What cleaves this protein?

Back 6

Env

Cleaved by host enzymes during cellular transport to the plasma membrane

Front 7

List 2 required regulatory genes in the HIV genome.

Back 7

1. Tat
2. Rev

Front 8

Which HIV regulatory protein is a "transcriptional transactivator" necessary for expression of viral genes?

Back 8

Tat

Front 9

Which HIV regulatory protein is necessary for the transport of late mRNAs from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

Back 9

Rev

Front 10

List 4 accessory genes not required for replication, but critical in host pathogenesis.

Back 10

1. Nef
2. Vif
3. Vpr
4. Vpu

Front 11

Which accessory gene downregulates expression of CD4 and MHC class 1 molecules on the surface of infected cells?

Back 11

Nef

Front 12

Which accessory gene inhibits host restriction mechanisms (degrades APOBEC family)?

Back 12

vif
("viral infectivity factor")

Front 13

Which accessory gene transports viral core into the nucleus of nondividing cells?

Back 13

vpr

Front 14

Which accessory gene enhances the release of budding virions from the cell and downregulates CD4?

Back 14

vpu
(counters tetherin)

Front 15

List the first 5 steps in the HIV replication cycle.

Back 15

1. Attachment
2. Fusion
3. Reverse transcription
4. Integration

Front 16

List the last 6 steps of the HIV replication cycle.

Back 16

1. Transcription
2. RNA export
3. Translation
4. Assembly and package
5. Release
6. Maturation

Front 17

Which protein mediates RNA export during HIV replication?

Back 17

Rev

Front 18

What type of drugs inhibit steps 1 and 2 of HIV replication?

Back 18

Peptide fusion inhibitors

Front 19

What are the two types of RT inhibitors?

Back 19

1. Nucleoside NRTIs
2. Non-nucleoside NNRTIs

Front 20

How do nucleoside NRTIs work?

Back 20

Analogs of A, C, G, or T that act at active site; competitive inhibitors of the polymerase

Front 21

How do non-nucleoside NNRTIs work?

Back 21

Compounds that bind to RT outside of the active site and inhibit its activity.

Front 22

What type of drugs inhibit the integration step in HIV replication?

Back 22

Integrase enzyme inhibitors

Front 23

HAART is a combination of what treatments?

Back 23

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a protease inhibitor

Front 24

Which cells does HIV infect?

Back 24

1. CD4 T cells (primarily)
2. Macrophages
3. Dendritic cells

Front 25

Why do frequent mutations occur during the replication of HIV?

Back 25

RT lacks proofreading capability

Front 26

How is HIV subdivided?

Back 26

Into clades A through I
(Clade B is most common in North America. Clade C is the most prevalent and is rapidly expanding worldwide)

Front 27

What are the 3 stages of HIV disease?

Back 27

1. Acute
2. Clinical latency
3. Immunodeficiency stage

Front 28

What is the acute stage of HIV characterized by?

Back 28

1. Fever
2. Lethargy
3. Sore throat
4. Generalized lymphadenopathy

Front 29

How long is the acute stage of HIV?

Back 29

two weeks

Front 30

Where does replication primarily occur during the latent stage of an HIV infection?

Back 30

Lymph nodes

Front 31

What does the AIDS-related complex (ARC) involve?

Back 31

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Weightloss
4. Lymphadenopathy

Front 32

The immunodeficiency stage of HIV involves a decline in CD4 cells to below ______/mm^3.

Back 32

<300

Front 33

During which stage of the HIV infection will an increase in frequency and severity of cancers and opportunistic infections occur?

Back 33

Immunodeficiency stage

Front 34

What are the most common opportunistic infections in HIV patients?

Back 34

1. Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Kaposi's sarcoma

Front 35

List 4 lab test that can be done to diagnose HIV.

Back 35

1. ELISA or P.O.C serology
2. CD4 T cells
3. Western blot
4. PCR

Front 36

What is the only test which can provide a definitive result during the first month after HIV infection, since Ab tests are frequently negative?

Back 36

PCR

Front 37

Which lab test measures the viral load in an HIV infected patient?

Back 37

PCR

Front 38

What is the principal prognostic indicator of HIV?

Back 38

Viral load

Front 39

What sort of treatment can be used for postexposure prophylaxis against HIV?

Back 39

Immediate administration of HAART is highly effective

Front 40

What sort of treatment can prevent perinatal HIV infection?

Back 40

AZT or nevirapine

Front 41

What physical characteristic is a diagnostic indicator of HTLV in a leukemia patient?

Back 41

Flower cells