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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many phalanges are in each hand? |
14 |
|
How many metacarpals are in each hand? |
5 |
|
How many carpals are in each wrist? |
8 |
|
How many bones are in total in each hand and wrist? |
27 |
|
Name the two portions of the first digit? |
Proximal Phalanx Distal Phalanx |
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Name the three portions of each finger? |
Proximal, middle and distal phalanx |
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Name the 3 parts of each phalanx? |
Head, body and base. |
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Name the 3 parts of each metacarpal starting proximally. |
Base, body and head |
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Name the joint between proximal and distal phalanges of first digit. |
Interphalangeal joint. |
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What is the largest carpal bone? |
Capitate |
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What is the name of the hooklike process extending anteriorly from the Hamate? |
Hamulus or hamular process |
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Name the carpal bones. |
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate. |
|
In anatomic position, which bone of the forearm is lateral and which is medial. |
Radius is lateral and ulna is medial. |
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Which joint permits the forearm to rotate during pronation? |
Proximal radioulnar joint. |
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The articular portion of the medial aspect of the distal humerus is called the _________? |
Trochlea |
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The articular process of the lateral aspect of the distal humerus is called the __________? |
Capitulum |
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The deep depression located on the posterior aspect of the distal humerus is the __________? |
Olecranon Fossa |
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Name the concentric arcs at the distal end of the humerus. |
Trochlear Sulcus Ridge of Capitulum Ridge of Trochlea Trochlear Notch of Ulna |
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What type are the interphalangeal and elbow joints? |
Ginglymus |
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What type are the radiocarpal and metacarpalphalangeal of 2nd to 5th digits? |
Ellipsoidal |
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What type is the proximal radioulnar joint? |
Trochoidal |
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What type are the intercarpal joints? |
Plane |
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What type is the carpometacarpal of the first digit? |
Sellar |
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Which ligament of the wrist extends from the styloid process of the radius to the lateral aspect of the scaphoid and trapezium bones? |
Radial Collateral Ligament |
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What is the name of the two special turning or bending positions of the hand and wrist that demonstrate medial and lateral aspects of the carpal region? |
Radial and Ulnar Deviation |
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Which position is commonly performed to detect a fracture of the scaphoid bone? |
Ulnar Deviation |
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How does the forearm appear radiographically if pronated for a PA projection? |
Radius crosses proximally over ulna. |
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Name the 2 fat stripes or bands around the wrist. |
Scaphoid Fat Stripe Pronator Fat Stripe |
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The fat pads around the elbow are visible in an image if what 3 technical requirements are met in the lateral position? |
Elbow flexed at 90 degrees True lateral position Optimum exposure techniques |
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True/False: Excessive kV may obscure the visibility of a fat pad? |
True |
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Which routine projections best demonstrate the scaphoid fat pad? |
PA and Oblique Wrist |
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Which routine projection best demonstrates the pronator fat stripe? |
Lateral |
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What is the proper kV range for upper limb radiography? |
50-70 Analog 60-80 Digital |
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What is the proper SID for upper limb radiography? |
40 inches |
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Grids are used if the body part is greater than __________ cm. |
10 |
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Small to medium plaster casts increase kV______. |
5-7 |
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Large plaster casts increase kV______. |
8-10 |
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Fiberglass casts increase kV ______. |
3-4 |
|
Correctly exposed radiographs visualize what 2 things? |
Soft Tissue Margins Traebecular Markings of All Bones |
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What is the general rule for collimation for upper limb radiography? |
Collimation borders should be visualized on all 4 sides if IR is large enough, without cutting off essential anatomy. |
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_________ Is a radiographic procedure that uses contrast media injected into the joint capsule to visualize soft tissue pathology of wrist, elbow and shoulder joints. |
Arthrography |
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What is the routine positioning routine for 2nd through 5th digits? |
PA, PA Oblique and Lateral |
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How much of the metacarpals should be included for PA projection of the digits? |
Distal half of metacarpal. |
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What 2 radiographic criteria are used to determine whether rotation is present on the PA projection of the digits? |
Symmetric appearance of both sides of phalanges and distal metacarpals. Equal tissue on both sides of phalanges. |
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Where is the central ray centered for PA oblique projection of the second digit? |
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP) |
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Why is it important to keep affected digit parallel to the IR for PA oblique and lateral projections? |
Prevent distortion of phalanx. Demonstrate small, nondisplaced fractures near the joint. Prevent distortion of joints. |
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Why is the AP projection of the thumb recommended instead of PA? |
Results in decrease in OID. |
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What IR size should be used for a thumb projection? |
8x10 |
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A sesamoid bone is frequently found adjacent to the ____________ joint of the thumb. |
Metacarpophalangeal |
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True/False: The entire metacarpal and trapezium must be demonstrated on all projections of the thumb? |
True |
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Where is the CR centered for an AP thumb? |
First MCP |
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Describe a Bennett's fracture. |
Fracture at the base of the first metacarpal. |
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Which special positioning method can be performed to demonstrate a Bennett's fracture? |
AP Axial - Modified Robert's |
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What degree of CR angulation is required with Modified Roberts - AP Axial Thumb? |
15 degrees angled proximally (toward wrist.) |
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A minimum of _______ inches and _______ cm of the forearm should be included radiographically for a PA projection of the hand. |
1, 2.5 |
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True/False: Slight superimposition of distal 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals may occur with a well positioned PA oblique projection of the hand? |
True |
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Which preferred lateral position of the hand best demonstrates the phalanges without excessive superimposition? |
Fan Lateral |
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Which lateral projection best demonstrates a possible foreign body in the palm of the hand? |
Extension Lateral |
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What is the proper name of the ball-catchers position? |
Nogaard |
|
The Nogaard position is commonly used to evaluate for early signs of _______? |
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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The elbow should generally be flexed _________ degrees for routine positions of the wrist? |
90 |
|
How much rotation is required for an oblique projection of the wrist? |
45 |
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Which alternative projection of the routine PA wrist best demonstrates the intercarpal joint spaces and wrist joint? |
AP |
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What positioning error is involved if a majority of the carpal bones are superimposed in a PA oblique wrist projection? |
Excessive lateral rotation of wrist or forearm. |
|
How many degrees are the hand and wrist elevated from the IR for the modified Stecher method? |
20 degrees |
|
How much central ray angulation to the long axis of the hand is required for the carpal canal projection? |
25-30 |
|
Which special projection of the wrist best demonstrates the interspaces on the ulnar side of the wrist between the lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, and hamate bones? |
PA Projection with Radial Deviation |
|
Which special projection of the wrist helps rule out abnormal calcifications in the carpal sulcus? |
Carpal Canal - Tangenital Inferiosuperior Projection |
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How much CR angulation from the long axix of the forearm is required for the carpal bridge (tangential) projection? |
45 degrees |
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The hand and wrist form a _________ degree angle to the forearm with the carpal bridge (Tangential) projection. |
90 degree |
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Describe Barton's fracture. |
Fracture and dislocation of posterior lip of the distal radius. |
|
What is the most common type of primary malignant tumor occurring in bone? |
Multiple Myeloma |
|
What disease results in reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue? |
Osteoporosis |
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Describe Skier's Thumb. |
Sprain or tear of the ulnar collateral ligament. |
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What condition results in an abnormality of the cartilage affecting long bones? |
Achondroplasia |
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Describe Boxer's fracture. |
Transverse fracture of the 5th metacarpal. |
|
What hereditary condition is marked by abnormally dense bone? |
Osteopetrosis |
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Describe Colle's fracture. |
Transverse fracture of distal radius with posterior displacement of fragment. |
|
What disease results in narrowing of joint space with periosteal growths on the joint margins? |
Osteoarthritis |
|
A fluid filled joint space with possible calcification. |
Bursitis |
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What causes possible calcification in the carpal sulcus? |
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
|
What disease presents as soft tissue swelling and loss of fat-pad detal visibility? |
Osteopetrosis |
|
What presents as mixed areas of sclerotic and cortical thickening along with radiolucent lesions? |
Osteomyelitis |
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Increase or decrease manual exposure factors in the case of Advanced Paget's disease? |
Increase |
|
Increase or decrease manual exposure factors in the case of advanced rheumatoid arthritis? |
Decrease |
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Increase or decrease manual exposure factors in the case of osteoporosis? |
Decrease |
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Increase or decrease manual exposure factors in the case of osteopetrosis? |
Increase |
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Which routine projections are required for study of the forearm? |
AP and Lateral |
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True/False: For a forearm study, the technologist needs to include only the joint closest to the site of the injury? |
False |
|
To properly position the patient for an AP projection of the elbow, the epicondyles must be placed how in relation to the IR? |
Parallel |
|
If the patient cannot fully extend the elbow for the AP projection, what alternative projection should be performed? |
2 AP projections. One with humerus parallel to IR and one with forearm parallel to IR. |
|
Which routine projection of the elbow best demonstrates the radial head, neck, and tuberosity with slight (if any) superimposition of the ulna? |
AP Oblique with Lateral Rotation |
|
What projection of the elbow best demonstrates the coronoid process in profile? |
AP Oblique with Medial Rotation |
|
What is the best position to evaluate the posterior fat pads of the elbow joint? |
Lateral - Lateromedial projection with elbow flexed 90 degrees. |
|
How much is the upper limb flexed for a lateral oblique projection of the elbow? |
45 degrees |
|
How much and in what direction should CR be angled for the trauma axial projection (Coyle's Method) involving the radial head? |
45 degrees proximally (towards shoulder.) |
|
How much and in what direction should the CR be angled for the trauma axial projection (Coyle's Method) involving the coronoid process? |
45 degrees distally (away from shoulder.) |
|
What is the amount of elbow flexion required for the Coyle's method to demonstrate the coronoid process? |
80 degrees |
|
What is the difference between the 4 radial head lateral projections of the elbow? |
1. Palm up. 2. Palm true lateral with thumb up. 3. Hand pronated. 4. Internal rotation of hand with thumb down. |
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Which carpal articulates with the base of the thumb? |
Trapiezium |
|
Which carpal is most commonly fractured? |
Scaphoid |
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Which two carpal bones are located most anteriorly as seen on lateral wrist radiograph? |
Scaphoid and trapezium. |
|
Which bone contains the coronoid process? |
Ulna |
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The radius articulates with which part of the humerus? |
Capitulum |
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Which parts of the ulna and humerus articulate together? |
Trochlear notch of ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus. |
|
What type of rotation is necessary in the forearm to prevent superimposition of the radial tuberosity over the ulna? |
Lateral rotation |
|
Where is the CR centered for a PA projection of the second digit? |
Affected PIP joint. |
|
Where is the CR placed for a PA hand? |
Third MCP |
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Radial deviation of the wrist allows better viewing of which carpals? |
Lunate, triquetrum, pisiform and hamate. |
|
Ulnar deviation of the wrist allows better viewing of which carpal? |
Scaphoid |
|
In anatomic position, which part of the ulna is proximal and posterior? |
Olecranon Process |
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In anatomic position, which part of the ulna is proximal and anterior? |
Coronoid Process |
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What is the most distal part of the ulna? |
Ulnar Styloid |
|
The humerus articulates proximally with the _________ of the scapula. |
Glenoid Fossa |
|
Rotation of the humerus internally or externally places it in true AP, or frontal position? |
External |
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When the humerus is in true AP position, where are the lesser and greater tubercles located? |
Lesser is located anteriorly and the greater is located laterally. |
|
What are the two names for the groove between the greater and lesser tubercles? |
Intertubercular or bicipital groove. |
|
Alternate name for scaphoid. |
Navicular |
|
Alternate name for lunate. |
Semilunar |
|
Alternate name for triquetrum |
Triangular or cuniform |
|
Alternate name for trapezium |
Greater multanger |
|
Alternate name for trapezoid. |
Lesser multanger |
|
Alternate name for capitate |
Os magnum |
|
Alternate name for hamate |
Unciform |
|
What is the reason for using breathing technique during transthoracic lateral projection? |
Helps to blur internal organs which may obscure the humerus. |
|
How should the epicondyles appear in relation to the CR and IR respectively for an AP humerus projection? |
Perpendicular to the CR and parallel to the IR |
|
What can be done to reduce the risk of excessive radiation to breast tissue in an AP humerus projection? |
Abduct affected arm slightly. |
|
What are the essential projections for the humerus? |
AP, Lateral and Transthoracic Lateral |