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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Federal definition describes _____ _____ as: “Ethyl alcohol, Spirits of Wine, Whiskey, Rum, Brandy, Gin and other distilled spirits for non-industrial use."
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distilled spirits
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The separation of alcohol from a substance by vaporization and condensation is known as _____.
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distilling
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The purpose of distillation is to separate the _____ and _____ from the undesirable liquids and solids that make up the fermented substance.
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The purpose of distillation is to separate the alcohol and congeners from the undesirable liquids and solids that make up the fermented substance.
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What are congeners?
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The natural flavor constitutes in spirits are referred to as congeners. They are traces of oils, esters, aldyhides and acids carried through the distillation process and into the distillate.
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The modern history of distillation may be said to have originated with the _____ or Saraceans.
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Arabs
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In 1826 Robert Stein, of a famous Scotch whiskey-distilling family, invented the _____ still.
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continuous
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_____ is a potable spirit, often aged in wood, obtained by distilling wine or a fermented mash of fruit.
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Brandy
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_____ is a spirit, suitably aged in wood, usually oak, obtained from the distillation of a fermented mash of grain.
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Whiskey
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_____ is a potable spirit, suitably aged in wood, obtained from the distillation of a fermented mash of sugarcane juice or molasses.
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Rum
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_____ is a flavored beverage obtained by redistilling a high-proof neutral spirit in the presence of juniper berries and other flavoring agents.
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Gin
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_____, made in America, is neutral spirits so distilled, or so treated after distillation with charcoal or other materials, as to be without distinctive character, aroma, taste, or color.
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Vodka
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_____ and _____ are flavored beverages whose flavor is obtained either by infusion or by distillation of the flavoring agent, ti which is then added simple syrup for for sweetening.
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Liqueurs and cordials
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What are neutral spirits, or cologne spirits?
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pure spirit of 190 proof sufficiently neutral for blending
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We have adopted the term _____ to describe the strength of alcoholic beverages.
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proof
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The trade term for a spirit of more than 100 proof is an _____ spirit.
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overproof
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_____ means to purify or improve; anything that changes the character of a spirit.
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Rectify
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What constitutes taxable rectification? (8)
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1. Blending 2 different spirits.
2. Blending 2 different whiskeys (from different distilleries or from different seasons of the year) 3. Blending whiskey with neutral spirits 4. Redistilling whiskey that has been stored in a barrel 5. Adding coloring, flavoring, or anything except water to distilled spirits. 6. Redistilling neutral spirits for potable purposes. 7. Ditilling neutral spirits over a flavoring agent. 8. Compounding spirits, essential oils, or other flavors and sugars to make cordials, liqueurs, and gin. |
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What does NOT constitute taxable rectification? (4)
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1. Blending whiskeys that are 4 or more years old.
2. Blending rums that are 2 or more years old. 3. Making gin by original distillation or redistillation of spirits with juniper and other flavors 4. Reducing the proof with water only. |
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_____ alcohol use does not physically damage the nervous system or any of the healthy, important organs of the body.
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Temperate
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What is the best insulation against the effects of overindulging in alcohol?
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food to line the walls of the stomach
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What is Brandy?
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a potable spirit suitably aged in wood, that is obtained from the distillation of wine or a fermented mash of fruit
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Where may Brandy be produced?
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in any part of the world
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When did the brandy trade begin?
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The 16th century
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How did brandy come to be?
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Wine was heated, concentrated down to be shipped, and they liked the taste of the "burnt wine" as it was.
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What brandy is considered superior to all?
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Cognac
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What is Cognac?
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brandy distilled from wines made if grapes grown within the legal limits of the Charente and Cherente-Maritime department of France
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How may subdivisions, or crus, does the Cognac district have?
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7 (or 6 if the last 2 are combined)
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Name 3 subdistricts in the Cognac region.
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Grande Champagne,
Petite Champagne, Borderies, Fin Bois, Bons Bois |
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How is the government involved in Cognac production?
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supervises distillation of brandy in France, measure & control the amount each farm may distill
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What is the soil like in Cognac?
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chalky
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Cognac, by law, may be produced from only _____ grapes.
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white
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What percentage of Cognac can be made from grapes other than Folle Branch, Saint Emilion, and Colombard?
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10%
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What is the last part of Cognac in distillation called, with 5-0% alcohol?
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tails
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When is cognac distillation season?
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starts in November & lasts 3-5 months; must be completed April 30
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When and how does the coppery flavor in cognac pass?
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after a year in wood
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How much continual yearly loss in there of brandy?
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15% of the world's annual consumption
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What is coupage?
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blending
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What percent alcohol is required for brandy?
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40-43%
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How are various qualities of Cognac indicated?
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1, 2, or 3 in stars
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According to superstition, what years produced the finest Cognacs?
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comet years
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How long do 3-star Cognacs pend in wood?
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2.5 years
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For Cognac, what does C mean?
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Cognac
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For Cognac, what does E mean?
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Extra
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For Cognac, what does F mean?
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Fine
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For Cognac, what does O mean?
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Old
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For Cognac, what does P mean?
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Pale
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For Cognac, what does S mean?
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Superior
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For Cognac, what does V mean?
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Very
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For Cognac, what does X mean?
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Extra
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Who decides what letter labels are used in Cognac?
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the producer
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How long has VO Cognac been aged?
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at least 4.5 years
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What do the words, extra, Napoleon, Vieille Reserve indicate?
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aged for at least 6.5 years
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What is the best age for Cognac?
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25-40 years
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What is fine Champagne (Cognac)?
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grapes grown in either Grande or Petite Champagne, at least 50% grapes from Grande Champagne region
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Second only to Cognac is the _____ brandy, produced predominately in the Department of Gers.
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Argagnac
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What is the predominant grape in Argagnac?
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Saint-Emilion
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Brandies distilled from the grape pomace of the wine press are called _____ and are obtained in various parts of France, but notably in Burgundy.
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Marc
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California brandy comprises ___% of all brandy consumed in the United States
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75
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What are the 3 broad categories of other fruit brandies?
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1. made with apples & pears
2. made with stone fruits 3. made from berries |
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Name 5 brandies.
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apple brandy, apricot brandy, blackberry brandy, pear brandy, pineapple brandy, fraise, framboise
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_____ _____ is a distillate made in Scotland (only!) from elements of cereals, water, and yeast.
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Scotch whiskey
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Most Scotch is a blend of as many as ___ individual malt Scotch whiskies.
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50
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A _____ _____ Scotch is a product of a single distillery. These are much more expensive!
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single malt
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____ is the art of combining whiskies from several different distilleries.
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Blending
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How many different single whiskies will a blend consist of?
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15-50. They are combined in the proportions of a secret formula of the blending company.
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What is the objective of Scotch blending?
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The objective of blending is to produce a whiskey of a definite and recognizable character
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Where does the smoky flavor of Scotch come from?
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The smoky flavor of a Scotch comes from the peat fire over with the green malt is dried prior to grinding and mashing
1. charred barrel 2. peat influence |
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What temperature should one serve Scotch?
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The temperature to serve Scotch is a matter of personal choice.
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Single-malt scotch is only ___% of all scotch
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10%
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What grain is used for bourbon (U.S.)? What about for Scotch?
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Bourbon (U.S.) uses corn; scotch uses barley
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Whiskeys are produced from _____ grains only (corn, barley, rye, wheat).
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cereal
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According to guest speaker Russ Kempton, distilling is a _____; blending is an _____.
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Distilling is a science;
Blending is an art |
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What is the most famous Scotch whiskey region in the world?
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Highland
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In which Scotch whiskey area are approximately 50% of all distilleries located?
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Speyside
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Describe single-malt whiskeys. How old must the be?
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10% of all
1. From one distillery 2. Made from 100% barley 3. Produced in Scotland Ingredients… 1. Malted barley 2. Water 3. Yeast Age: minimum maturation in oak barrels is 3 years. Usually 5+ years. |
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What is a "pure-malt" whiskey?
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pure malt: less than 1% of the Scotch category and blended from only single malts
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What is "angels' share?"
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Angels Share: alcohol loss during maturation
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What whiskeys were tasted in class (Russ Kempton)?
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Glenkinichie
Cardhu Glenmorangie (#1 selling single-maltet scotch in Scotland) Dalmore 12 year Dalmore 1263 King Alexander III Johnnie Walker Black Label |
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The terms "liqueur" and "_____" are synonymous, with the former said to apply more to European products, and the latter to American products.
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cordial
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What are liqueurs?
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alcoholic beverages prepared my mixing or redistilling various spirits with certain flavoring materials
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Liqueurs and cordials differ from all other spirits because they must contain at least ___% sugar by weight.
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2 1/2
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What can the sugar in liqueurs be from? (5, or a combination of these)
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beet, maple, cane, honey, corn
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Most liqueurs and cordials contain between ___% and ___% alcohol. Some brands as high as ___%.
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35Most liqueurs and cordials contain between 17% and 34% alcohol. Some brands as high as 50%.
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What are the 2 basic ways of extracting flavors when making liqueurs?
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cold method and hot method
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What method of extraction (for liqueurs) is used for fruit flavors?
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cold method
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What method of extraction (for liqueurs) is used for seeds, peels, flowers, etc.?
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hot method
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Up to how long may cold extractions take?
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a year
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If crushed fruits are seeped in water, what is it called?
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infusion
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If the fruits are seeped in alcohol, what is it called?
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maceration
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What accounts for a slight bitter almond undertone in some liqueurs?
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If stones (seeds) are present during extraction
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What method of extraction is somewhat like making coffee?
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percolation, or brewing
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What are some examples of seeds and flowers that are extracted using the hot method?
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anise, caraway, orange peel, mint, roses, violets
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What are the 2 main branches the liqueur family is divided into?
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natural-colored (fruit)
plant (colorless) |
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Bailey's was the first _____ liqueur.
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cream
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Name 5 popular liqueurs
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Amaretto
Cherry Coconut Coffee Creme de Menthe Peach Strawberry Triple Sec |
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To our knowledge, what is the oldest, world-famous liqueur?
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Benedictine
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Describe Benedictine.
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a plant liqueur made from 27 different herbs, plants, and peels on a fine Cognac brandy base; aged for 4 years before being bottled
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What is the most famous liqueur still made by a religious order?
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Chartreuse
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What are the 2 types of Chartreuse?
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yellow & green
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What is the 100-proof American specialty liqueur?
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Southern Comfort
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What is the popular coffee-flavored liqueur from Mexico?
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Kahlua
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What is the primary use of liqueurs today?
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after-dinner drinks
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What are frappes?
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Filling a small glass with finely shaved ice and pouring iqueur over it
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What is a Pousse-Cafe?
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used to push down the coffee in France; here is a colorful combination of "floated" liqueurs
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What is tequila?
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Tequila (volcano, in Aztec language) is a double distilled liquor made in Mexico from the fermented juice of the blue agave plant
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What is the difference between pure tequila and mitxo?
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Pure tequila is labeled 100% agave. Everything else (Mixto) is blended as high as 49% cane or other sugar before fermentation.
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If tequila is not produced in the specified Mexican states, what must it be called?
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If produced elsewhere, it must be called Mezcal.
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What was the kind of "appellation controllee" the Mexican government made in 1973 for tequila?
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In 1978, the Mexican government established Norma Oficial Mesicana (NOM). A kind of Appellation Controllee. NON regulates every aspect of tequila. Premiuim varieties must be bottled in Mexico.
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What are the 3 categories of tequila?
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1. Blanco
2. Reposado 3. Añejo |
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What type of tequila is clear, fresh from the still, also known as white or silver, is not aged and usually is shipped to U.S. in taker trucks or railroad cars for bottling?
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Blanco
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What type of tequila means to rest, rests in wood longer than blanco, and is aged in oak between 2 months-1 year?
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Reposado (rested tequila)
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What type of tequila is “aged," the finest and most expensive, and kept in oak barrels for at least 1 year?
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Añejo
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Final tip: Tequila market has its own odd vocabulary.
_____: ($20-30) good _____-_____: ($35-40) excellent _____-_____: (cost a bundle) |
Final tip: Tequila market has its own odd vocabulary.
Premium: ($20-30) good Super-Premium: ($35-40) excellent Ultra-Premium: (cost a bundle) |
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What are the 2 keys of quality for tequila?
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1. Made in Mexico
2. 100% agave on label |
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What were the tequilas tasted in class?
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1. Montezuma Tequila
2. Herradura – Silver 3. Herradura – Reposada 4. Herradura – Añejo 5. Don Julio 1942 - Añejo |
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You can use _____ to help remove the congeners in vodka.
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charcoal
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_____ can be distilled from any fermented material, since neutral spirits from any source taste pretty much the same.
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Vodka
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US vodkas and the best imports are made from _____.
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grain
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What are the 2 main groups of vodkas?
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- clear vodkas
- flavored vodkas |
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Vodka accounts for ___% of the alcoholic spirits beverage industry volume.
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28.5%
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Belvedere, Chopin, and Starka are _____ vodkas.
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Polish
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Kristal/Cristall and Stolichanaya are _____ vodkas.
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Russian
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Ciroc and Grey Goose are _____ vodkas.
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French
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Ketel One and Van Gogh Vodka are _____ vodkas.
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Netherlands
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McCormick, Skyy, and Smirnoff are _____ vodkas.
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U.S.
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_____ is any distilled spirit or a mixture of distillates from the fermented juice of sugarcane, sugarcane molasses, or other sugarcane by-products distilled at less than 190 proof.
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Rum
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Who is the leading producer of rum.
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Bacardi
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Rum is oak aged for ___-___ years depending upon the style.
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1-10
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Rum is bottled between ___-___ proof.
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80-151
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What are the four classifications/styles of rum?
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1. Light-bodied
2. Medium-bodied 3. Full-Bodied or Dark 4. Light-bodied, Aromatic or Spiced |
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What rums were tasted in class?
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1. Oronoco
Brazil 80 proof $31.99 2. Plantation Extra Old Barbados 80 proof $43.99 3. Appleton Estates 12 years Jamaican 86 proof $30.49 4. Mocambo Mexico 20 years single-barrel rum 80 proof $39.49 5. Captain Morgan Silver Spiced Puerto Rico 80 proof $15.49 |
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What are the 2 types of gins?
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1. Dutch gin
2. English-Style gin (London-Dry gin) |
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Which type of gin is not a bar gin; it is drunk straight and cold?
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Dutch gin
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What are the 2 ways American gins are made?
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1. Distilling – similar to English-style
2. Compounding – extract is poured into grain neutral spirit. Not identified on label (is inexpensive). |
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Gin is only ___% of the sales vodka is.
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25
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How are cordials characterized and marketed?
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1. Generic names
Anisette (aniseed) Crème de Menthe (peppermint) Triple Sec (citrus fruit peel) Sloe Gin (slow berries) 2. Trade names (proprietary brand) Benedictine Chartreuse |
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Fresh cream varieties of liqueur will curdle if mixed with what?
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citrus juices.
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Source of sugar?
Brandy (Cognac): _____ Rum: _____ Whiskey: _____ Tequila: _____ Vodka: _____ |
Source of sugar
Brandy (Cognac): grapes Rum: molasses/sugar cane Whiskey: cereal grains Tequila: agave Vodka: cereal grains, potatoes |
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_____ stills are viewed as superior method.
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Alembic
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What are Demijohns?
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holds for further again after barrel falls apart
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An anise-flavored (similar to licorice) spirit distilled from a plant called wormwood is _____.
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absinthe
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_____ cuses hallucinations, psychotic behavior, even suicide.
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wormwood
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_____ was banned in the United States in 1912.
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Absinthe
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Legal absinthe is available in U.S. called _____.
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absente
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Absente is approximately $___ per bottle
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$40
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What four elements define alcoholism, but not alcohol abuse?
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craving, loss of control, physical dependence, tolerance
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Both _____ and _____ factors appear to play a role in the development of alcoholism.
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genetic and environmental
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What is CAGE?
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Have you ever thought you should CUT down on drinking?
Have people ANNOYED you by criticizing your drinking? Have you ever felt bad or GUILTY about drinking? Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning, to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover (EYE OPENER)? |
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_____ is a white wine to which botanicals - anything from the plant world, (for example herbs, spices, fruits, and flowers) have been added.
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Vermouth
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What are the 3 types of vermouth?
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rosso, or sweet red; bianco, or sweet white; secco, or dry white.
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The _____ sweet vermouth has a profound mouth-feel with bitter, spicy and caramel tastes. The original dry _____ vermouth is dry white wine with more subtle additions.
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The Italian sweet vermouth has a profound mouth-feel with bitter, spicy and caramel tastes. The original dry French vermouth is dry white wine with more subtle additions.
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_____ fortified to 16% alcohol is the preferred base for sweet vermouth.
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Muscat
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_____ is almost unique to and very characteristic of sweet vermouth.
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Warmth
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_____ vermouth often has an unattractive aftertaste: usually tired and sometimes rubbery, mousy, flat or cooked.
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Sweet
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