Betty Neuman

Front 1

What is Betty Neuman's conceptual model?

Back 1

Systems Model in Nursing Practice

Front 2

What was the title of her conceptual model in 1972?

Back 2

The Neuman Systems Model: Application to Nursing Education and Practice

Front 3

Describe the open system as a concept used by Neuman.

Back 3

The open system is an element that is exchanging information energy within its complex organization.

Front 4

What are the basic components of an open system?

Back 4

-Stress

-Reaction to stress

Front 5

Describe the client variables.

Back 5

Client variables are viewed as a whole where parts are in dynamic interaction.

Front 6

What are the 5 client variables?

Back 6

-physiological

-psychological

-sociocultural

-developmental

-spiritual

Front 7

Enumerate the major parts of Neuman's diagram starting from the innermost part.

Back 7

Basic Core Structure

Lines of Resistance

Normal Line of Defense

Flexible Line of Defense

Front 8

Describe the basic core structure.

Back 8

The basic core structure is the person's energy resources. It encompasses the factors and energy resources necessary for client survival.

Front 9

Describe the lines of resistance.

Back 9

The lines of resistance are three broken rings surrounding the basic core structure and they represent the resource factors that help the client defend against a stressor. It also is the level at which balance can be restored through interventions.

Front 10

Describe the normal line of defense.

Back 10

The normal line of defense is the outer solid circle. It represent the stability state of an individual or system; or the adaptation level of health developed over the course of time.

Front 11

Describe the flexible line of defense.

Back 11

The flexible line of defense is the outermost boundary with a broken ring. It serves as the initial response to stressors and as a protective buffer that prevents stressors from breaking through the usual wellness state represented by the normal line of defense.

Front 12

What is degree of reaction?

Back 12

It is the amount of energy required for a client to adapt to a stressor.

Front 13

What factors can influence or determine a person's reaction?

Back 13

-perception of the stressor

-natural and learned resistance

-timing, type, and strength of a stressor

-the basic core structure

-one's experiences

Front 14

What is reconstitution?

Back 14

It is the state of adaptation to stress. It is also the return to system stability which may be at a higher or lower wellness level than before stressor invasion.

Front 15

When does reconstitution occur?

Back 15

Reconstitution occurs after treatment for stressor reactions.

Front 16

When can intervention occur?

Back 16

Interventions can occur before or after the lines of resistance are penetrated

Front 17

Describe the person in Neuman's metaparadigm.

Back 17

The person is an open system who may be an individual, family, community, or society. The person is viewed as being in constant change or motion as he interacts with the environment.

Front 18

It is all the internal and external forces that surrounds a person.

Back 18

Environment

Front 19

What are the different types of environment?

Back 19

Internal, external, and created environment

Front 20

It is the kind of environment which refers to the intrapersonal factors or psychological aspect of a person.

Back 20

Internal environment

Front 21

The kind of environment that refers to the interpersonal factor and extrapersonal factor.

Back 21

External environment

Front 22

It is unconsciously developed and is dynamic in nature; a protective device of of a system against an environmental stressor.

Back 22

Created environment

Front 23

Describe health in Neuman's metaparadigm.

Back 23

Health is a continuum of wellness to illness that is dynamic in nature and constantly subject to change.

Front 24

How did Neuman defined Wellness and Illness?

Back 24

Wellness: harmonious interaction among the parts of a client system and all system needs are met

Illness: disharmonious in interaction among the parts of a client system and system need are not met

Front 25

What is Neuman's definition of stability?

Back 25

Stability is when the client successfully copes with the stressor.

Front 26

What is the focus of nursing in Neuman's metaparadigm?

Back 26

Prevention as intervention.

Front 27

Describe nursing in Neuman's metaparadigm.

Back 27

Nursing is a unique profession that is concerned with all the variables affecting the individual's response to stress.

Front 28

It is the approach that the nurse uses in Neuman's metaparadigm.

Back 28

Wholistic client approach

Front 29

How did Neuman define intervention?

Back 29

Interventions are purposeful actions to help the client retain, attain, and maintain stability.

Front 30

What are the three levels of intervention/prevention?

Back 30

Primary, secondary, and tertiary intervention

Front 31

The level of intervention that occurs after the active treatment of a stressor reaction.

Back 31

Tertiary prevention

Front 32

The level of intervention where the client does what he can to prevent himself from getting sick.

Back 32

Primary prevention

Front 33

The level of intervention when the reaction has not yet occurred but the degree of risk is known.

Back 33

Primary prevention

Front 34

The level of intervention initiated after symptoms from stress have occurred.

Back 34

Secondary prevention

Front 35

This refers to the genetics, body functions, and structure.

Back 35

Physiological variable

Front 36

This variable refers to the mental processes in interaction with the environment.

Back 36

Psychological variable

Front 37

The effects and influences of social and cultural conditions.

Back 37

Sociocultural variable

Front 38

Refers to age-related processes and activities.

Back 38

Developmental variable

Front 39

Refers to spiritual beliefs and influences.

Back 39

Spiritual variable