Berends Pre Ap Gov & Law #2 Test

Front 1

Block printing & moveable type

Back 1

Innovations from the Tang and Song dynasties in China where individual characters could be used over and over making printing more efficient – spread to Korea, & Japan

Front 2

Explosive powder

Back 2

Innovations from the Tang and Song dynasties in China - Saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal first used for fireworks the weapons during Song – spread west!

Front 3

Paper money

Back 3

Innovations from the Tang and Song dynasties in China -Issued by the Song as less cumbersome than metal cash contributed to the large-scale commercial economy in China

Front 4

Magnetic compass

Back 4

Innovations from the Tang and Song dynasties in China - floating magnetized needle always points north-south; adapted for use at sea – spread west

Front 5

Porcelain

Back 5

Innovations from the Tang and Song dynasties in China - white ceramic made of a special clay & mineral found only in China. Became a valuable export so associated with their culture it is now called “China”

Front 6

gentry

Back 6

Powerful upper class in Tang/Song China

Front 7

Foot binding

Back 7

When a Chinese girl was very young, her feet were bound tightly with cloth, which eventually broke the arch & curled all but the big toe under.

Front 8

What did the practice of foot binding say about the status of women in Post-Classical China?

Back 8

This was called a “lily-foot” & the women were crippled for life. This process showed women were subservient to men in Chinese society & their status further declined during these dynasties.

Front 9

pastoralist

Back 9

Person who herds tamed animals - characteristics of Mongols

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clan

Back 10

Large group of people related to a common ancestor - characteristic of Mongols

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Genghis Khan

Back 11

Leader who brought together the Mongol clans Pax Mongolica

Front 12

“Mongol Peace”

Back 12

a period from mid-1200s to mid-1300s when Mongols imposed order & peaced across much of Eurasia

Front 13

Areas of Mongols invasions

Back 13

Northern China, Central Asia, Persia & Russia

Front 14

How did the Mongols take over so much of the world?

Back 14

Mongols had superior discipline and military skills including superior horsemen – mounted cavalry used of stirrups, leather armor, lance, dagger, bow & arrow.

Front 15

Speed, surprise, agility, & terror

Back 15

Advantage Mongol warrior had over his enemies

Front 16

Mongol Empire after the death of Genghis Khan

Back 16

Sons and grandsons continued conquest and divided holdings into 4 Khanates – northern China, Central Asia, Persia & Russia

Front 17

khanates

Back 17

By 1260, the Mongol Empire was divided into these four areas. Each was ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan.

Front 18

Kublai Khan

Back 18

Mongol leader and Chinese emperor set up the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Front 19

How did Kublai Khan keep the Mongols and the Chinese separated in Chinese court?

Back 19

Mongols lived separately and obeyed different laws than the Chinese; Chinese were kept out of high government offices filled instead with Mongols or foreigners.

Front 20

Marco Polo

Back 20

Traveler from Venice who served Kublai Khan for 17 years; His book sparks European interests in Asia.

Front 21

Shinto

Back 21

Japan’s earliest religion, based on respect for nature and worship of ancestors

Front 22

samurai

Back 22

Japanese warrior class who served a lord

Front 23

Bushido

Back 23

Code that samurai lived by—”the way of the warrior”

Front 24

characteristics of Bushido

Back 24

Courage, reverence for the gods, fairness, generosity to those weaker and dying an honorable death

Front 25

shogun

Back 25

Highest military commander in feudal Japan, ruling in the name of the emperor

Front 26

Feudal Society in Japan

Back 26

Emperor

Daimyo

Samurai

Artisan

Peasants

Merchants

Front 27

Heian Period

Back 27

Height of Japanese culture - new capital of the royal court. Japanese culture thrived there. The gentleman and ladies of the court lived in splendor. Art and good manners formed the center of their lives. The best accounts of this period come from the writings of women of the court.

Front 28

The Franks

Back 28

Germanic people who held power in the Roman province called Gaul

Front 29

Battle of Tours

Back 29

Charles Martel’s victory that halts the Muslim advancements into Europe.

Front 30

Charlemagne

Back 30

Powerful Frankish ruler who built a huge Christian European empire. First crowned Holy Roman Emperor by pope - showing secular rulers have less power than The Church.

Front 31

Feudalism

Back 31

A political system in which nobles were granted the use of land that legally belonged to the king. In return, the nobles agreed to give their loyalty and military services to the king. Developed not only in Europe but also in countries like Japan.

Front 32

Feudal Society in Europe

Back 32

King

Church official

Noble

Knights

Peasants

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lord

Back 33

Landowner in feudal Medieval European society

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fief

Back 34

Land granted by a lord to a vassal in Medieval European society

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vassal

Back 35

Person receiving a fief from a lord in Medieval European society

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knight

Back 36

Warrior on horseback who promised to defend his lord’s land in exchange for a fief

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serf

Back 37

Peasant who could not lawfully leave the place where he or she was born; free, but could be bought and sold with the manor

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manor

Back 38

Lord’s landed estate - economic side of feudal system.

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tithe

Back 39

Church tax; usually one-tenth of a peasant family’s income

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monastery

Back 40

Religious community in Europe of people devoting their lives to worship and prayer. During Medieval period kept learning alive during the "dark ages".

Front 41

chivalry

Back 41

Code of behavior for knights, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion

Front 42

tournaments

Back 42

Staged battles for entertaining audiences and training knights

Front 43

troubadours

Back 43

Poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe

Front 44

lay investiture

Back 44

Appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles; one of the abuses of the Catholic Church during Middle Ages

Front 45

simony

Back 45

Practice of selling positions in the church; one of the abuses in the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages

Front 46

Crusade

Back 46

A holy war by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Lands from the Muslim Turks. 1st Crusade was the only successful one for Europeans. The failure of these chipped away at the power of the Catholic Church & the feudal system.

Front 47

William the Conqueror

Back 47

Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and claimed the English crown, but was of French descent.

Front 48

Magna Carta

Back 48

Great Charter, which guaranteed certain basic political right in England. Limited the power of King John in 1215.

Front 49

Great or Papal Schism

Back 49

Division in the Catholic Church created by having 3 popes in Avignon, Rome & Pisa. Chipped away at the power and authority of the Catholic Church.

Front 50

Council of Constance

Back 50

Ended the Great or Papal Schism - got rid of all 3 & elected a new pope Martin V.

Front 51

Black Death

Back 51

Deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century. Killed 1/3 of European population. Helped bring an end to the feudalism and manorialism.

Front 52

Hundred Years’ War

Back 52

War between England and France waged from 1337 to 1453 - who was the rightly king of France. France wins with turning points of the Canon & Joan of Arc.

Front 53

Joan of Arc

Back 53

17 year old peasant who led the French army to victory at Orleans. She rallied French troops and brought on French nationalism.

Front 54

Middle Ages

Back 54

Period of European history from 500 to 1500

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secular

Back 55

Concerned with worldly things

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canon law

Back 56

Law of the church, a system of justice to guide people’s conduct. Included excommunication & the interdict.

Front 57

Holy Roman Empire

Back 57

Kingdom originally made up of what is now Germany and Italy

Front 58

lay investiture

Back 58

Appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles

Front 59

Simony

Back 59

One of the problems in the medieval Catholic church, it was the practice of selling positions in the Church instead of granting them based on merit

Front 60

Romanesque

Back 60

Style of architecture of the cathedrals during the early Middle Ages, included round arches, heavy roofs, thick walls and pillars, tiny windows, little light

Front 61

Gothic

Back 61

Style of architecture of the cathedrals during the High Middle Ages, included flying buttresses, stained-glass windows, and tall spires.

Front 62

common law

Back 62

A unified body of English law based on the rulings by English judges

Front 63

Parliament

Back 63

legislative group in England that is a body of representatives that makes laws.

Front 64

Estates General

Back 64

A council of representatives that advise the French king; 1st Estate = Church leaders, 2nd Estate = nobles, 3rd Estate = everyone else - commoners, wealthy landholders & merchants

Front 65

How were feudalism and the manor system related?

Back 65

Feudalism was a political system, and the manor system was the economic arrangement that supported it.

Front 66

What were the forces that held feudal society together or unified Europeans during this time?

Back 66

A set of mutual social obligations and the teachings of the Church.

Front 67

Monasteries & convents.

Back 67

Greatest centers of learning in the early Middle Ages

Front 68

Problems Church reformers identified during the Middle Ages

Back 68

Village priests married and had families contrary to Church law, simony, or bishops selling positions in the Church for money, Lay investitures, or the act of kings, rather than Church leaders, appointed bishops.

Front 69

Explain how the Crusades, Black Death, Hundred Years War, & Great Schism led to an end of the Middle Ages in Europe.

Back 69

a. The Crusades: weakened the power of the Pope & the Catholic Church; this led to disunity because the Church was the single most unifying force in Europe during the Middle Ages. b. The Black Death - killed 1/3 of population reduced the number of workers & contributed to the end of feudalism and the manor system; also made Europeans wonder why God was punishing them & chipped away at people’s faith in the Church. c. The Hundred Years War - The military advancement of the Longbow made knights obsolete; the cannon made it possible to knock down castle walls making castles obsolete. The conflict also led to the development of nations & the decline of allegiance to feudal lords. d. The Great Schism – period where there were 2 and then eventually 3 popes claiming to be the spiritual head of the Catholic Church. This lead to the weakening of the power of the Catholic Church that had unified Europeans.