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83 Cards in this Set
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It refers to a decrease in response to a stimulus over time. |
Adaptation |
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It refers to a decrease in response due to repeated exposure to the same stimulus. |
Habituationit |
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It is defined as the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred. |
Dishabituation |
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T or F. Dishabituation is temporary and always refers to changes in reponse to the new stimulus not the original one. |
F. Refers changes to the original stimulus of habituation not the new one. |
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It is the process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus. |
Classical Conditioning |
Aka acquisition |
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Extinction of a response is not always permanent; after sometime, if an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited a phenomenon called? |
Spontaneous recovery |
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It is a broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response. |
Generalization |
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Opposite of generalization |
Discrimination |
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Father of behaviorism |
B. F. Skinner |
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Reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed. |
Negative Punishment |
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It adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behaviot to reduce that bahavior. |
Positive punishment |
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Doing something to avoid an unpleasant consequence. |
Avoidance learning |
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Doing something to get rid the stimulus or consequence that is already occuring. |
Escape learning |
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Decreasing the unpleasant stimulus by increasing the behavior. |
Negative reinforcement |
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Increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior |
Positive reinforcement |
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Reinforce a behavior after a specific number or performances of that behavior. |
Fixed-ratio schedules |
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Reinforce a behavior after a certain time doing that behavior. |
Fixed- interval ratio |
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Reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of that behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant. |
Variable-ratio schedules |
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Reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval time |
Variable interval schedules |
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It stands for Very Rapid for learning a behavior and very resistant to extinction. |
Variable-ratio schedules |
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Process of rewarding step by step specific behaviors until the complicated behavior is done and just reward it once afterwards. |
Shaping |
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Is a learning that occurs without a reward for specific behaviors to complete a whole complicated behavior but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced. |
Latent learning |
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It is a predisposition wherein animals are most able to learn behaviors that coincide with their natural behaviors. |
Preparedness |
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The difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors by making a new behavior due to preparedness. |
Instinctive drift |
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What is observational learning? |
The process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others. |
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These neurons are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action. |
Mirror neurons |
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Refers to the process of putting new information into memory |
Encoding |
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From the different ways of encoding the meaning of information that requires controlled processing which one is the strongest and which one is the weakest? |
Strongest - semantic encoding Weakest - visual encoding |
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Recalling information through incorporating the context in daily experiences and lives. |
Self-reference effect |
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Repetition of a piece of informatiin to either keep it within working memory (to prevent forgetting) or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory. |
Maintenance Rehearsal |
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Involves associating each item in a list woth a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized. |
Method of loci |
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Associating numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers. |
Peg-word system |
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Associating numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers. |
Peg-word system |
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It is a memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into group of elements with related meaning. |
Chunking or clustering |
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This kind of memory storage is maintained by the vision cortex and auditory cortex that lasts a very short time (generally under one second). |
Sensory memory |
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Difference of whole report and partial repory in sensory memory. |
Whole is can identify 3 or 4 letters in random position and partial can’t identify letters in a specific row |
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It is housed primarily in the hippocampus which is also reaponsible for the consolidation of short-term memory into long term memory. |
Short-term memory |
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It is housed primarily in the hippocampus which is also reaponsible for the consolidation of short-term memory into long term memory. |
Short-term memory |
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What is the 7 plus or minus 2 rule? |
It is the approximate items that a short-term memory can recall. |
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It is housed primarily in the hippocampus which is also reaponsible for the consolidation of short-term memory into long term memory. |
Short-term memory |
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What is the 7 plus or minus 2 rule? |
It is the approximate items that a short-term memory can recall. |
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How long does the short-term memory lasts? |
30 seconds |
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This is the form of memory that allows ys to do simple math in out heads. |
Working memory |
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This is the form of memory that allows ys to do simple math in out heads. |
Working memory |
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It is the association of the information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory. |
Elaborative rehearsal |
Same as self-reference effect |
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A type of long term memory that consists of memories that require conscious recall. |
Explicit memory |
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Types of explicit memory |
Semantic memory and episodic memory |
Facts and experiences |
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A type of long term memory which consists of conditioned responses, tasks and skills. |
Implicit memory |
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It is the name given to the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained. |
Retrieval |
Same as recall |
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The process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned, is far easier than recall. |
Recognition |
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The longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the information later on. |
Spacing effect |
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Concepts are linked together based on similar meaning, like the encyclopedia wherein each page includes for similar topics. |
Semantic network |
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Recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory |
Priming |
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Facts learned in under watet are better recalled when underwater than when on Land. What effect is this? |
Context effects |
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A person is able to recall things when intoxicated if you learned things intoxicated. Effect is called? |
State dependent effect |
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A person is able to recall things when intoxicated if you learned things intoxicated. Effect is called? |
State dependent effect |
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Tendency to remember early and late items is known as the ....... |
Primacy and recency effect |
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What kind of neurotransmitter is the alzheimer’s disease related to? |
Loss of acetylcholine |
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What kind of neurotransmitter is the alzheimer’s disease related to? |
Loss of acetylcholine |
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A term used to refers to an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening. |
Sundowning |
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A syndrome related to retrograde, anterograde amnesia and confabulation. |
Kosakoff’s syndrome |
Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain |
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What kind of neurotransmitter is the alzheimer’s disease related to? |
Loss of acetylcholine |
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A term used to refers to an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening. |
Sundowning |
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A syndrome related to retrograde, anterograde amnesia and confabulation. |
Kosakoff’s syndrome |
Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain |
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The loss of the ability to recognize objects, people or sounds though usually only one of the three. |
Agnosia |
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It is the process of creating vivid memories but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt madr by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories. |
Confabulation |
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It is the process of creating vivid memories but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt madr by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories. |
Confabulation |
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Difference of proactive and retroactive interference. |
Proactive - old information is interfering with new learning while retroactive is new information caused forgetting of old information. |
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It is the process of creating vivid memories but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt madr by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories. |
Confabulation |
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Difference of proactive and retroactive interference. |
Proactive - old information is interfering with new learning while retroactive is new information caused forgetting of old information. |
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An effect wherein you overstate a phenomenon when more descriptive language is used. |
Misinformation effect |
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Manifests when a person hears a story of something that happened to someone else, and later recalls the story as having happened to him- or herself. |
Source monitoring error |
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Source monitoring error is a confusion between? |
Episodic and semantic memory |
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Hemisphere will change to take over functions of the missing parts of the brain - form neural connections after an injury is called |
Neuroplasticity |
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Hemisphere will change to take over functions of the missing parts of the brain - form neural connections after an injury is called |
Neuroplasticity |
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Weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing the efficiency of our brains’ ability to process information. |
Synaptic pruning |
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Hemisphere will change to take over functions of the missing parts of the brain - form neural connections after an injury is called |
Neuroplasticity |
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Weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing the efficiency of our brains’ ability to process information. |
Synaptic pruning |
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This strengthening happens when the neurons have high efficiency in releasing neurotransmitter and neuron receptors have high density. |
Long-term potentiation |
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T or F. The individual is in manic episode is an example of state-dependent recall effect. |
T |
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T or F. The individual is in manic episode is an example of state-dependent recall effect. |
T |
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T or F. A doctor’s appointment is scheduled for 1:00 pm. This is easily forgotten by teenagers than elders. |
F. Elders tend to have the most trouble with time-based prospective memory, which is remembering to do an activity at a particular time. |
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T or F. Both fixed-interval and fixed ratio schedules tend to show this phenomenon: almost no response immediately after the reward is given, but the behaviot increased as the rat gets close to ceiving tge reward. |
T |
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