Behaviour Tca

Front 1

Fixed Action Pattern

Back 1

fixed action pattern (FAP) is an instinctive behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion. Response to external sensory stimulus- innate release mechanism

Front 2

Reflex

Back 2

Simple form of behaviour designed to keep animal safe. Involuntary response to external stimulus.

Front 3

Taxes and Kinesis

Back 3

Simple forms of behaviour based on reflexes. Taxes – response is directional either towards or away from stimuli, Kineses – response is proportional to stimuli.

Front 4

Stimulus

Back 4

detectable change in the environment which can be either chemical or physical.

Front 5

Circadian Rhythm

Back 5

Physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism’s environment.

Front 6

Affects of circadian rhythm

Back 6

Sleeping, feeding, body temperature, brain wave activity, hormone production, cell regeneration, photoperiodism. Allows an animal to anticipate and prepare for changes in environment.

Front 7

Stereotypical behaviour

Back 7

Repetitive, invarient behaviour that appears to lack function
Mouthing, sucking, circling, excessives, self mutilation
Fixed repetitive actions that can be caused by past suffering
Movement, posture, vocalization

Front 8

Ethogram

Back 8

a catalogue of behaviours placed in a table along with descriptions

Front 9

Measures of behaviour

Back 9

Latency, frequency, intensity and duration.

Front 10

sampling rules

Back 10

Ad lib, focal, scan, behaviour

Front 11

recording rules

Back 11

Continuous

Time sampling: Instantaneous, one-zero

Front 12

How does homeostasis affect behaviour

Back 12

if too hot animal finds shade, if thirsty animal drinks water, if hungry animal finds food. If the equilibrium is not achieved then stress occurs.

Front 13

Homeostasis

Back 13

Maintenance of constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment.

Front 14

Thermoregulation

Back 14

The processes by which animals actively maintain the temperature of part or all of their body within a specified range in order to stabilize or optimize temperature-sensitive physiological processes

Front 15

Endotherm

Back 15

Birds/ Mammals

Use internal corrective mechanisms and behavioural mechanisms to control body temperature

Front 16

Exotherm

Back 16

(cold blooded animals)

Use behavioural mechanisms to influence body temperature

Front 17

Mating systems

Back 17

Monogamy: life bond
Polygamy: multiple mates
Polygyny: multiple female mates
Polyandry: multiple male mates

Front 18

cryptic female choice

Back 18

female can store sperm of multiple males and can choose which sperm to use for fertilisation post-copulation. The female has a deciding factor on who fathers her offspring.

Front 19

advantages of group living

Back 19

Conserve heat
Migration
Predator protection
Presence of mates
Finding food
Utilising food sources e.g. hunting
Defending resources
Environment has been modified by others of same species
Learning through observation
Grooming
Dilution effect
Alarm calls
Vigilance

Front 20

disadvantages of group living

Back 20

Competition for food, places to rest and mates
Increased disease transmission
Greater conspicuousness to predators
Greater risk of cannibalism of young
Aggression

Front 21

Dominance

Back 21

Animal occupying the highest position in a social hierarchy, has greatest access to resources such as food and a mate or mates. Social dominance is gained and maintained through factors such as size and aggressiveness.

Front 22

cues for choosing mate

Back 22

Colour, size, adornment, nest build, vocalisations, and display.

Front 23

Social behaviour

Back 23

How a pair or group of animals interact

Front 24

Strategies of group living

Back 24

Solitary
Breeding Pairs
Territorial groups
Flocks and Herds
Family groups

Front 25

Eusociality

Back 25

Different animals have different jobs to do. There is a division of labour. Some castes may be sterile.
Animal generations overlap. There are different generations in the hive or nest.Animals cooperate to care for the young.
presociality, a less advanced version of eusociality; subsociality, when animals look after their offspring

Front 26

Agonistic behaviour

Back 26

any social behaviour related to fighting, such as aggressive or submissive behaviours. It explicitly includes behaviours such as subordinance, retreat and conciliation which are functionally and physiologically interrelated with aggressive behaviour, yet fall outside the narrow definition of "aggressive behaviour".

Front 27

Behaviour though to be agressive when

Back 27

noxious stimuli directed at object/subject
act is intentional
Attacker is emotionally aroused
Victim is motivated to remove itself/ avoid

Front 28

Agression in two forms

Back 28

offensive: initiated by agressor/ dominant
defensive: response to action from other

Front 29

Intraspecific agression

Back 29

same species agression:
select breeding
defend breeding/resource
social organisation/dominance
social conflict ritualized

Front 30

Dominance hierarchy

Back 30

social structure in which a linear or nearly linear ranking exists, with each animal dominant over those below it and submissive to those above it in the hierarchy.

Front 31

Badges of status

Back 31

markings that animals use to signal their size and dominance/indicators of rank. To be useful, they must be ‘honest’ indicators; a symbol of high rank cannot be adopted by a low-quality individual.

Front 32

Interspecific agression

Back 32

Conflict between different species:
competition for resources
predatory agression
not ritualized

Front 33

Stereotypies

Back 33

Protective mechanisms in stressfull environments. Abnormal behaviour caused by being unable to satisfy normal behaviour needs. Coping strategies considered inappropriate

Front 34

Communication

Back 34

A signal transmitted on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal.
chemical, auditory, visual, tactile

Front 35

metacommunication

Back 35

quantify following behaviour

Front 36

when do animals communicate

Back 36

social, reproductive, (perceived) danger, feeding/resources, territorial

Front 37

examples of methods of olfactory communication

Back 37

Pheromones/hormones, urination and defecation

Front 38

motivation

Back 38

internal processes that arose and direct behaviours. Can measure how much an animal will work for social contact compared to food.

Front 39

how an animal controls its food intake

Back 39

Visual impact, social factors, stomach contractions, plasma glucose receptors, insulin levels, fat store monitors, diurnal rhythm, taste/smell receptors.
Rate of ingestion depends on: oral mechanisms, physical properties of the food, availability of water, effects of disturbance.

Front 40

difference between sward and bolus

Back 40

Sward is what is in the grass; bolus is what the animal has eaten. Can see how well an animal selects its food.

Front 41

innate behaviour

Back 41

instinctive, developementally fixed, triggered by a stimulus. All individualsthat can exhibit the behaviour, do so