Behaviour Modification - For Exam

Front 1

Positive Reinforcement

Back 1

is a stimulus that, when presented immediately following a behaviour, causes the behaviour to increase in frequency. = reward.

Front 2

Premack principle

Back 2

David Premack, 1959 - that if the opportunity to engage in a behaviour that has a high probability of occurring is made contingent on a behaviour that has a low probability of occurring, then the behaviour that has a low probability of occurring will be strengthened.

Front 3

Deprivation

Back 3

to indicate the time during which an individual doe4s not experience a particular reinforcer.

Front 4

Satiation

Back 4

a condition in which an individual has experienced a particular reinforcer to such an extent that it is temporarily no longer reinforcing.

Front 5

Motivating operations (MOs)

Back 5

is an event or operation that a) temporarily alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher na db) influences behaviour that normally leads to that reinforcer or punisher.

Front 6

Direct effect

Back 6

the increase4d frequency of a response because it was immediately followed by that reinforcer.

Front 7

indirect effect

Back 7

is the strengthening of a response that is followed by that reinforcer even though the reinforcer is delayed.

Front 8

Contingent

Back 8

when a specific behaviour must occur before that reinforcer will be presented.

Front 9

Noncontingent

Back 9

if that reinforcer is presented at a particular time regardless of the preceding behaviour.

Front 10

Pitfalls of positive reinforcement

Back 10

1 - a principle can be misused by someone who is unaware of using it
2 - a person may know the principle but not realise some ramification that interferes with applying it effectively
3 - a principle can be inaccurately used as an oversimplified explanation of a change in behaviour
4 - individuals without behavioural knowledge sometimes attempt to explain behaviour or the lack of it by inappropriately giving people a label
5 - some behavioural procedures aren't applied because they are quite complex and require specialised knowledge or training

Front 11

Unconditioned reinforcers

Back 11

the capacity to be reinforced by some timuli without prior learning

Front 12

conditioned reinforcers

Back 12

are stimuli that were not originally reinforcing but have become reinforcers by being paired or associated with other reinforcers.

Front 13

tokens

Back 13

are conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for back up reinforcers.

Front 14

back up reinforcers

Back 14

when a stimulus becomes a conditioned reinforcer through deliberate association with other reinforcers, the other reinforcers are called backup reinforcers

Front 15

extinction

Back 15

there are 2 types - operant and respondent. extinction principle - a) if, in a given situation, an individual emits a previously reinforced behaviour and that behaviour is not followed by a reinforcer, b) then that person is less likely to do the same thing again when next encountering a similar situation.

Front 16

extinction burst

Back 16

an increase in responding during extinction is commonly referred to as an extinction burst

Front 17

factors influencing extinction

Back 17

1 - controlling reinforcers for the behaviour that is to be decreased
2 - extinction of a behaviour combined with positive reinforcement for an alternative behaviour
3- the setting in which extinction is carried out
4 - instructions: use rules
5 - extinction is quicker after continuous reinforcement
6 - behaviour being extinguished may get worse before it gets better
7 - extinction may produce aggression that interferes with the program
8 - extinguished behaviour may reappear after a delay

Front 18

schedule of reinforcement

Back 18

is a rule specifying which occurrences of a fiven behaviour will be reinforced.
simplest - continuous - each instance of a particular response is reinforced
the opposite of continuous reinforcement is called extinction

Front 19

fixed ratio (FR) schedule

Back 19

a reinforcer occurs each time a fixed number of responses of a particular type are emitted

Front 20

variable ratio (VR) schedule

Back 20

a reinforcer occurs after a certain number of a particular response, and the number of responses required for each reinforcer changes unpredictably from one reinforcer to the next.

Front 21

fixed interval (FI) schedule

Back 21

a reinforcer is presented following the first instance of a specific response after a fixed period of time

Front 22

variable interval (VI) schedule

Back 22

a reinforcer is presented following the first instance of a specific response after an interval of time, and the length of the interval changes unpredictably from one reinforcer to the next.

Front 23

fixed- duration (FD) schedule

Back 23

a reinforcer is presented only if a behaviour occurs continuously for a fixed period of time

Front 24

variable duration (VD) schedule

Back 24

a reinforcer is presented only if a behaviour occurs continuously for a fixed period of time and the interval of time from reinforcer to a behaviour occurs continuously for a fixed period of time, and the interval of time from reinforcer to reinforcer changes unpredictably.

Front 25

differential reinforcement of low (DRL) rates

Back 25

is a schedule of reinforcement in which a feinforcer is presented only if a particular response occurs at a low rate.

Front 26

limited-responding DRL

Back 26

one type of DRL
specifies a maximum allowable number of responses during a certain time interval in order for a reinforcer to occur

Front 27

spaced responding DRL

Back 27

a type of DRL
requires that a specified behaviour not occur during a specified interval, and after the interval has passed, an instance of that behaviourmust then occur in order for a reinforcer to occur

Front 28

differential reinforcement of zero responding

Back 28

is a schedule in which a reinforcer is presented only if a specified response does not occur during a specified period of time.

Front 29

differential reinforcement of incompatible (DRI) behaviour

Back 29

if it's decided to decrease a target response by withholding reinforcers for it and by reinforcing an incompatible response, the schedule is referred to as DRI

Front 30

differential reinforcement of alternative (DRA) behaviour

Back 30

an alternative to DRI
is a procedure that involves the extinction of a problem behaviour combined with reinforcing a behaviour that is topographically dissimilar to but not necessarily incompatible with the problem behaviour