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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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inferential statistics
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used to study samples and then make generalizations about the population from which they were selected.
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descriptive statistics
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used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.
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sampling error
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the discrepancy, or amount of error that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
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three possible causes of a correlation between 2 variables:
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X is causing Y
Y is causing X Z is causing both X and Y |
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random assignment;
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each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to each treatment condition.
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matching:
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ensure equivalant groups by matching on relevant variables (e.g. IQ, depression score, gender)
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holding constant:
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use only 21 year old males in the study (hold gender and age constant)
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control condition:
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individuals in the control condition do not receive the experimental treatment. They receive no treatment or a placebo
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experimental method objective:
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to find a cause-effect relationship
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ordinal scale:
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a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence; rank or observations in terms of size or magnitude; intervals btn measurements are not the same.
-specifies a difference -specifies the direction of the difference -does not specify the size/magnitude of the difference -does not specify the ratios of magnitude |
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interval scale:
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ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size.
-allows you to measure differences in the size or amount of events/things. -zero point means nothing (ex farenheit degrees) -specifies a difference and the direction of the difference -specifies the size magnitude of the diff -does not specify ratios of magnitude |
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ratio scale
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same as interval scale, but with an absolute zero point
-ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude ex: length, width, height--4 feet is twice as tall as 2 ft |
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proportion
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measures the fraction of the total group that is associated with each score. p= f/N
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cumulative frequency
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the accumulation of individual scores as you move up the scale
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percentage
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f/N x 100
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cumulative percentages
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the percentage of individual scores accumulated as you move up the scale. (cf/N) / 100
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histograms are used with ____ or ______ scales
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interval or ratio
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bar graphs are used only with _____ and ______ scales
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nominal and ordinal
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polygons are used often intstead of _______. and are used with _____ and ______ scales.
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histograms, interval, ratio
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