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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fraz Gall |
"phrenology" - traits that are well developed cause an increase in that part of brain, causing bulge on head - can be measured for psychological attributes |
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Pierre Flourens |
first to study the function of the brain - surgically removed parts of brain of rabbits and pigeons and observed effects |
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extirpation/ablation |
removing parts of the brain to study effects |
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William James |
father of psychology; FUNCTIONALISM - how the mind functioned to adapt to new environments |
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John Dewey |
also functionalism; focus should be on organism as a whole as it adapts to new environment |
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Paul Broca |
looked at the deficits of people with brain damages; left side of brain (Broca's area) named after him -- speech production |
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Hermann von Helmholtz |
measured speed of nerve impulse |
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Sir Charles Sherrington |
showed existence of synapses |
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3 kinds of neurons |
1. sensory (afferent) 2. motor (efferent) 3. interneurons |
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afferent neurons |
ascend to the brain |
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efferent neurons |
exit to the rest of the body |
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interneurons |
reflexive behavior (reflex arcs) |
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the nervous system broken into...(2) |
central and peripheral nervous systems |
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central nervous system |
brain and spinal chord |
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peripheral nervous system |
nerve tissues and fibers outside of the brain and spinal chord; connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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peripheral nervous system breaks into...(2) |
somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
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somatic NS |
voluntary movements; sensory/motor - skin, joints, and muscles |
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autonomic NS |
involuntary movements; heartbeat, digestion, breathing |
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autonomic breaks into...(2) |
sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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sympathetic NS |
activated by stress fight or flight reactions (rage/fear) |
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introducing a stressor causes.. |
increase in heart rate relaxes bronchi inhibits salivation inhibits bladder contraction increases blood glucose decrease in digestion dilates eyes release of epinephrine stimulates sweating |
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parasympathetic NS |
conservation of energy resting/sleeping states managing digestion ACETYLCHOLINE |
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effects on body when resting... |
slowed heartbeat pupils constrict bladder contracts stimulates peristalsis and secretion stimulates bile release constricts bronchi stimulates flow of saliva |
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meninges |
sheath of connective tissue around the brain protects the brain and keeps it anchored to the skull composed of 3 layers |
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3 layers of meninges |
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater |
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periosteum |
in between skin and skull bone |
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cerebrospinal fluid |
aqueous solution where the brain and spinal chord rest |
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brain divided into 3 subdivisions |
1. hindbrain (1+2 = brainstem) 2. midbrain 3. forebrain |
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hindbrain (3) |
cerebellum medulla oblongata reticular formation |
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cerebellum |
coordination in movements |
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medulla oblongata |
vital functions (digestion, breathing, etc) |
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Inferior and superior colliculi |
the MIDBRAIN sensorimotor reflexes superior = visual inferior = auditory |
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forebrain major divisions (5) |
cerebral cortex basal ganglia limbic system thalamus hypothalamus *largest portion of the brain |
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thalamus |
relay station of the brain - sorts and transmits the sensory impluses to the appropriate area of the cortex |
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hypothalamus |
homeostasis - metabolism, temperature, water balance high arousal/sexual/aggressive behaviors |
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3 subdivisions of hypothalamus |
lateral - eating and digesting "hungry" ventromedial - signals stop eating anterior - sexual, sleep, body temp |
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pituitary gland |
releases ADH and oxytocin |
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pineal gland |
secretes melatonin regulates circadian rhythms |
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basal ganglia |
smooth movement and steady posture PARKINSONS DISEASE - damage to this part of the brain |
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limbic system |
emotions and memory |
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hippocampus |
memory and learning consolidates info to form long term memories |
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anterograde amnesia |
after a brain injury, unable to form new long term memories |
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retrograde amnesia |
after a brain injury, memory loss of events from before the injury |
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septal nuclei |
pleasure center |
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amygdala |
defensive and aggressive behaviors |
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cerebral cortex |
outer surface of the brain characterized by its bumpy surface convoluted structure, increases surface area complex cognitive & behavioral processes 2 hemispheres (right/left) 4 lobes |
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4 lobes of the cortex |
parietal temporal occipital frontal |
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frontal lobes |
executive functioning - supervises and directs operations of other brain regions contains motor cortex Broca's area |
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Broca's area |
language production (left hemisphere) |
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parietal lobe |
somatosensory (touch) cortex touch, pressure, temperature, pain spatial processing |
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occipital lobe |
contain the visual cortex |
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temporal lobe |
auditory cortex - sound processing, etc Wernicke's area |
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Wernicke's area |
language comprehension |
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EEGs |
electroencephalogram detects electrical activity |
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rCBFs |
regional cerebral blood flow detects patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow |
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contralateral communication |
one side of the brain communicates with opposite side of the body |
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ipsilateral communication |
example = hearing communicates with same side of the body |
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usually dominant hemisphere of the brain |
left (language, logic, math, etc) |
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usually non-dominant |
right (intuition, creativity, spatial processing, music) |
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acetylcholine |
transmits nerve impulses to muscles attention/arousal |
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epinephrine/norepinephrine |
alertness promote fight/flight responses |
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catecholamines |
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine play role in emotions |
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dopamine |
movement and posture high concentration in basal ganglia schizophrenia -- too much dopamine parkinson's -- not enough |
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serotonin |
regulating mood, eating, sleeping depression/mania depending on extreme levels |
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GABA & glycine |
inhibitory effects "stabilization" hyperpolarization of membranes |
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glutamate |
excitatory |
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neuropeptides |
slow and longer effects on post synaptic cells example = endorphins -- body's natural pain killer |
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endocrine system |
internal communication network in the body uses hormones as chemical messengers SLOWER bc has to travel thru blood |
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pituitary gland |
"master gland" (anterior) secretes hormones controlled by the hypothalamus |
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adrenal gland parts |
adrenal cortex adrenal medulla |
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adrenal medulla |
release of epinephrine/norepinephrine |
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adrenal cortex |
release of coricosteroids (ex=cortisol) and sex hormones |
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gonads (sex glands) |
testes & ovaries produce sex hormones in higher concentrations increase in sex drive |
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research methods for nature vs nurture debate |
family studies twin studies adoption studies |
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family studies |
comparing trait among family to that of the general population |
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neurulation |
ectoderm over the notochord begins to furrow forms neural groove and neural folds remainder of furrow closes to form the neural tube (eventually will be the central NS) |
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neural tube has 2 regions |
alar plate = sensory basal plate = motor |
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rooting reflex |
touch the cheek and the baby turns its head toward the stimuli |
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moro relfex |
flail out arms, slowly bring them back, and cry |
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babinski reflex |
toes spread apart when touch the middle bottom of the foot |
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grasping reflex |
closing fingers around object in hand |
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social development |
develops stranger anxiety around 7 months and separation anxiety around 1 year kinds of play also changes |
