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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is behavioral science?
What is considered? What is behavioral science primarily concerned with? |
Interdisciplinary study of how human behavior affects health science
Biological, pyschological, interpersonal, and social forces Secondary and tertiary prevention |
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2. What is the biomedical model?
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1. Focuses on the biological aspects of disease
2. Psychological and social variables are of lesser importance |
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3. What is the biopsychosocial model?
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Behavioral and social processes influence the development, course, and outcome of biological illness
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4. What does the biological model miss?
Three things... |
1. Variation in how people experience and cope with disease
2. Doesn't account for behavioral aspects of epidemology 3. Does not address patient motivation, treatment compliance, and significance of doctor-patient relationship |
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5. Why should we adopt a biopsychological perspective?
Three reasons... |
1. Most illnesses are influenced and determined by biological, psychological, and social variables
2. These variables shape how patients experience, respond to, and cope with illness 3. Understanding the interface of these variables leads to more effective treatment plans, better patient compliance, and better treatment outcomes |
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6. What is development?
What do developmental theories identify? |
Sequence of age-related changes (physical, cognitive, and personality) that occur as one progresses from conception to death
Identify the maximum expectable capabilities at each stage |
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7. What does a patient's stage of development affect?
What do developmental stages provide then? |
Influence what motivates him/her
Proved a framework for normal age-appropriate patient behavior |
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8. Who is Jean Piaget?
What did he discover? Three things... |
Swiss biologist who studied children's IQ's
1. Children of same age tended to give same incorrect answers 2. Children of same age think alike 3. Older children use different reasoning processes as they attempt to make sense of the world |
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9. What did Piaget believe about cognitive development as a result of this?
Two things... |
1. The mind builds mental structures that permit it to progressively adapt to the environment
2. Experiences are organized in terms of existing structures -these structures are modified to account for new information |
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10. What are the two complimentary processes in Piaget cognitive development?
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1. Assimilation
-child incorporates and interprets new information in terms of his/her existing schemas i.e. zebra = horse 2. Accomodation -child modifies schemas to take in new information i.e. zebra = horse with strips |
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11. When is the sensorimotor stage?
What does is learned in this stage? What is the big development in the sensorimotor stage? |
Birth - 2 years
Infant learns coordination of sensory input and motoric responses, and moves from trial/errorr to deliberate activity Development of object permanence |
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12. What is object permanence?
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Recognition of the existence of objects even when they are no longer visible
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13. When do first teeth appear?
When can a child begin to brush their teeth with assistance? |
5 and 9 months
Between 16-17 months |
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14. What are the four patterns of attachment?
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1. Secure
2. Anxious/Resistant 3. Anxious/Ambivalent 4. Disorganized/Disoriented |
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15. Describe secure attachment.
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1. Actively explore environment
2. Friendly to strangers but prefer mom 3. Distressed when mom leaves and seek her comfort when she returns |
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16. Describe anxious/resistant attachment.
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1. Anxious even when mom is present
2. Very distressed when mom leaves 3. Ambivalent and resist her when she returns 4. Wary of strangers, even when mom is present |
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17. Describe anxious/ambivalent attachment.
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1. Uninterested in environment
2. Not distressed when mom leaves 3. Avoid her when she returns **seen if there is rejection or neglection |
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18. Describe disorganized/disoriented attachment.
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1. Alternate between avoiding/resisting mom and seeking her comfort
2. Appears dazed, confused, and apprehensive **seen if child is abused |
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19. When is separation anxiety the strongest?
When does stranger anxiety appear and peak? |
Between 14-18 months
Appear between 8-10 months Peaks at 18 months |
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20. How should parents behave in regards to dental development?
What is the initial goal? |
1. Slowly shape tooth cleaning behavior
2. Be patient and accepting of child's low-level of fine motor skills Goal: Child to become familiar with tooth cleaning tools and sensations while keeping it fun |
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21. How should dental development proceed at this age?
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1 .Child should be supervised and receive plenty of positive reinforcement
2. Parents should clean the child's teeth once per day 3. Child should stand directly in front of parent so both face mirror while cleaning |
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22. When is the preoperational period?
What are 5 characteristics of this stage? |
2-7 years
1. Symbolic object representation and language acquisition 2. Don't apply rules in logical ways (tolerate inconsistencies) 3. Little to no understanding of conservation and reversibility 4. Child has difficulty understanding cause/effect (thinking tends to be concrete) 5. Cannot differentiate emotions from physical states |
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23. How is the child during the preoperational stage?
What is centration? |
Egocentric (bound to his/her own perceoption)
Animistic (attributes human characteristics to inaminate objects) Cannot keep another's perspective in mind unless it matches his or her own |
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24. What type of thinking does child engage in?
What do 4 year olds have difficulty doing? What do kids begin during this stage? How is tooth brushing skill during this stage? |
Magical thinking (believe that one can cause things to happen just by thinking about them)
Truth from fiction School 2.5 - 3 years old, child can brush his/her teeth unassisted |
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25. What are symptoms of ODD (oppositional defiant disorder)?
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1. Negative
2. Hostile and defiant 3. Loses temper 4. Argue 5. Defies rules 6. Annoying and annoyed 7. Blames others 8. Angry and resentful 9. Spiteful and vinidictive |
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26. What are symptoms of ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)?
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Inattention
1. careless mistakes 2. can't sustain attention, follow through, listen , or organize 3. lose things 4. distracted and forgetful Hyperactivity 1. fidgets, can't stay seated 2. runs/climbs, talks excessively 3. can't play quietly 4. always "on the go" |
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27. When is temperament stable?
What are the three temperaments? |
After age 2
1. Easy 2. Difficult 3. Slow-to-warm up |
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28. Describe easy temperament.
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1. Often in good mood
2. Adjust easily to new situations 3. Eat on regular schedule 4. React mildly to hunger or discomfort 5. Able to find ways to soothe or calm self when fussy 6. Even-tempered |
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29. Describe difficult temperament,
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1. Negative mood
2. Intense, negative response to new stimuli 3. Irregular biological rhythms 4. Restless, easily distracted 5. Respond vigorous to hunger, light sleepers 6. Crying is loud, intense 7. Demand lot of attention |
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30. Describe slow-to-warm up temperament.
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1. Shy
2. Mild negative response to new stimuli but gradually adapt 3. Watch what is going on around them 4. Quickly become overstimulated and retreat 5. Respond slowly and quietly to hunger and discomfort (may be hard for parents to know when babies are uncomfortable) |
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31. How is dental development during the preoperational stage?
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1. Dexterity increases - give lesson in tooth cleaning with tooth brush
2. Instruct child to clean teeth at regular time and place each day 3. Parent should check teeth after cleaning 4. Positive reinforcement |
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32. When is the concrete operational period?
What skills are developed in this stage? What do children do in this stage? |
7-11 years
Conservative, reversibility, and quantitative skills 1. Apply rules to relationships with logic 2. See other's POV 3. Discovers and understands jokes and riddles 4. Engage in metacognition (thinking about thinking) |
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33. What can a child still not do in the concrete operational stage?
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1. Not yet systematic (does not plan ahead)
2. Does not yet understand exceptions to rules |
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34. When is the formal operational stage?
What happens in this stage? |
12-adults
1. Logical thinking, systematic problem analysis 2. Abstract thinking, deductive reasoning 3. Considers hypothetical situations, tests hypotheses |
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35. What are adolescences prone to?
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Imaginary audience and personal fable
-others are as concerned about my behavior as I am -I am unique and indestructible (increase risk for high risk behavior) |
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36. What are the leading causes of death in adolescences?
What are the four identity statuses? |
Accidents, homicides, suicide
Foreclosure Moratorium Identity Diffusion Identity Achievement |
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37. What are the dental needs of formal operational stage?
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1. Smoking prevention
2. Avoid criticism 3. Get teen's input 4. Provide structure 5. Guard against "testing the limits" by letting the teen know that it's okay to miss a day of cleaning once in a while |
