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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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compares a group of people with disease to a group without and looks for risk factors
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case control study
looks for the risk factor or exposure asks, what happened? |
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formula for odds ratio
in words and numerically |
odds ratio = odds of exposure of people with disease / odds of exposure of people without disease
(a/b) / (c/d) = ad/bc |
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compares a group with a given exposure vs a group without that exposure
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cohort study
looks to see if exposure increases the likelihood of disease asks, what will happen? |
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collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of a disease at a particular point in time
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cross-sectional study
asks, what is happening? looks at prevalence and incidence |
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What are the 4 phases of a clinical trial?
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phase 1 = assess safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics with small group of healthy patients "is it safe?"
phase 2 = assess efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects in small diseased group. "is it good?" phase 3 = compares treatment to standard in LARGE random study. "is it better?" phase 4: after approval, detects rare and long-term adverse events |
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use for screening in diseases with low prevalence
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sensitivity, rules out
TP/(TP+FN) |
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used as confirmatory test after positive screening test
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specificity, rules in
TN/(TN+FP) |
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a drug that increases survival will have what affect on prevalence and what affect on incidence?
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prevalence = increased becuase more cases in population at a given time / total population at a given time
incidence will not change because it doesn't affect the new cases / population at risk |
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probability of getting a disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group
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relative risk for cohort studies
a/(a+b) / c/(c+d) |
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difference in risk between exposed and unexposed
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attributable risk = a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)
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Number needed to treat
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1/ absolute risk reduction
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number needed to treat
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1 / attributable risk
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reduced accuracy in a test is what type of error?
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systematic error
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reduced precision in a test is what type of error?
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random error
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in a statistical distribution, a curve as a positive skew.
what is the relationship of the mean, median, mode |
mean > median > mode
mean is biggest! |
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in a statistical distribution, a curve as a negative skew.
what is the relationship of the mean, median, mode |
mean < median < mode
mode is biggest! |
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type I error (alpha error)
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saying there is a difference when none exists
p value = probability of making a type I error |
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type II error (beta error)
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saying there is not a difference when one exists
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probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is in fact false
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power = 1 - beta error
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formula for standard error of mean
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SEM = standard deviation / square root of sample size
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1 SD, 2 SD, 3 SD
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68, 95, 99
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checks the difference between the means of 2 groups
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t-test
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checks differences between the means of 3+ groups
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ANOVA
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checks difference between 2+ percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes
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chi squared
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correlation coefficient (r) is strongest when the value is ___
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1 = perfect positive correlation
-1 = perfect negative correlation |
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describe primary, secondary, tertiary disease prevention
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1 = prevent (vaccine)
2 = early detection (pap smear) 3 = reduce disability (chemo) |
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rooting reflex, orients to voice
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Birth - 3 mo
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holds head up, moro reflex dissapears, social smile
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3 mo
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sits alone, crawls, stranger anxierty
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7-9 mo
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imitation, pointing, pincer grasp, walking, mamma dadda
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1 yr
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imitation of household tasts, page turning, jumping standing on one food, 2 word sentences
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2 yr
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object permanence occurs at?
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1-2 yrs
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parallel play vs cooperative play
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parallel = 2-3 yrs
cooperative = 4 yrs |
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copies line or circle drawing
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3 yrs
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900 words and simple sentences
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3 yrs
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toilet traning
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3 yrs (pee at 3)
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tetrad of symptoms with narcolepsy
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1. excessive daytime sleepiness with sleep attacks (sudden episodes of sleep without warning)
2. cataplexy (sudden loss ofmuscle tone without lose of consciousness) 3. hypagagic (before sleep) or hypopompic (before awakening) hallucinations 4. sleep paralysis- can't move for 2 minutes after waking |
