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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the two divisions of the nervous system
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CNS and PNS
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What are the components of the CNS
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Brain
Spinal cord |
None
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Which brain structures connect the cerebral hemispheres
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Corpus callosum
Commissures—anterior, posterior, hippocampal, and habenular |
None
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Which hemisphere is usually the dominant hemisphere
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Left hemisphere
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What is the primary role of the left hemisphere
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It governs our ability to express ourselves in language
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Which hemisphere is usually the nondominant hemisphere
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Right hemisphere
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What is the primary role of the right hemisphere
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It governs perceptual functions and the analysis of space, geometrical shapes, and forms
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What are the components of the peripheral nervous system
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Nerve fibers outside the CNS including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia
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None
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How may cranial nerves are there
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12 cranial nerves
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How many spinal nerves are there
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31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal
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In which direction does the PNS carry motor and sensory information to the CNS
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Motor information—away from the CNS
Sensory information—to the CNS |
None
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What are the components of the autonomic nervous system
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Sensory neurons and motor neurons that run between the CNS (especially the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata) and various internal organs
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What will be the neuropyschiatric consequences of a frontal lobe lesion
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Deficits in concentration, judgement, motivation, and orientation
Emotional changes Personality changes |
None
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of a parietal lobe lesion
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Right parietal lobe—(contralateral neglect) result in neglecting part of the body or space
Left parietal lobe—verbal deficits |
None
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences (3) of a temporal lobe lesion
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Hallucinations
Memory deficits Personality changes |
None
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of a hippocampus lesion
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Bilateral damage to hippocampus leads to massive anterograde and some retrograde amnesia
Unilateral damage of hippocampus leads to memory storage and retrieval problems |
None
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of an amygdala lesion
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome—uninhibited behavior, hyperorality, hypersexuality
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None
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What will be the neuropyschiatric consequences of a reticular system lesion
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Sleep-wake cycle changes
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of a basal ganglia lesion
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Tremor or other involuntary movements as seen in Parkinson’s or Huntington’s diseases
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None
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of a hypothalamus lesion of the ventromedial nucleus
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Decreased satiety—leads to obesity
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None
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of a hypothalamus lesion of the lateral nucleus
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Decreased hunger—leads to weight loss
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of a hypothalamus lesion of the anterior hypothalamus
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Disturbances of parasympathetic activity
Disturbances of body cooling |
None
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of a hypothalamus lesion of the posterior hypothalamus
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Disturbances of heat conservation
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of a hypothalamus lesion of the septate nucleus
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Change in sexual urges and emotions
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What will be the neuropsychiatric consequences of a hypothalamus lesion of the suprachiasmatic lesion
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Disturbances of circadian rhythm
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What are the four main steps involved in neurotransmitter release
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Presynaptic neuron stimulation
Neurotransmitter release Neurotransmitter moves across synaptic cleft Neurotransmitter acts on postsynaptic neuron receptors |
None
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What are the two different types of neurotransmitters
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Excitatory—increase neuron firing
Inhibitory—decrease neuron firing |
None
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Pre and postsynaptic receptors are made of which substance
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Protein
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Which factors contribute to the magnitude of reaction neurotransmitters have on neurons
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Affinity of receptors
Number of receptors |
None
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What are second messengers and what is their role in neurotransmission
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They are low-weight, diffusible molecules used in signal transduction to relay a signal within a cell
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None
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What are the three major types of second-message molecules
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Hydrophobic molecules (eg diacylglycerol)
Hydrophilic molecules (eg cAMP) Gases (eg NO) |
None
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What are the three major classes of neurotransmitters
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Amino acids
Biogenic amines Peptides |
None
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How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft
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Reuptake by the presynaptic neuron
Degradation by enzymes (eg monoamine oxidase) |
None
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What neurotransmitter is altered in Alzheimer’s disease
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Acetylcholine is decreased
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What neurotransmitters (3) are altered with anxiety disorders
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Norepinephrine is increased
GABA and Serotonin are decreased |
None
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What neurotransmitters (3) are altered with depression
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Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Serotonin are decreased
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None
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What neurotransmitter is altered with Mania disorders
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Dopamine is increased
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What neurotransmitters (2) are altered with schizophrenia
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Dopamine and Serotonin are increased
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None
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Which amines (4) are included in the biogenic amines, which are also called monoamines
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Catecholamines
Ethylamines Indolamines Quaternary amines |
None
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What is the monoamine theory of depression
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It proposes that there is an underlying neuroanatomical basis for depression due to deficiencies of central noradrenergic and/or serotonergic systems
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Why are metabolites of monoamines measured in psychiatric studies
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They may be present in higher levels than the primary monoamines
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What type of biogenic amine is dopamine
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Catecholamine
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In which psychiatric conditions (3) is an altered level of dopamine evident
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Mood disorders
Parkinson’s disease Schizophrenia |
None
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How is dopamine synthesized
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By the conversion of tyrosine to dopamine by tyrosine hydroxylase
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What is the metabolite of dopamine
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Homovanillic acid (HVA)
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In which psychiatric conditions (2) can there be an increased concentration of HVA
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Psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia |
None
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In which psychiatric conditions (3) can there be a decreased concentration of HVA
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Alcoholism
Depression Parkinson’s disease |
None
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What type of biogenic amine is norepinephrine
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Catecholamine
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What behavioral factors (5) does norepinephrine alter
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Anxiety
Arousal Learning Memory Mood |
None
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How is norepinephrine synthesized
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Dopamine is converted to norepinephrine by β-hydroxylase
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Where are most noradrenergic neurons located in the brain
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Locus ceruleus
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What are the metabolites of norepinephrine
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3-methyoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG); Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
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In which psychiatric condition can there be a decreased concentration of MHPG
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Severe depression
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In which brain condition is there an increased concentration of VMA
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Pheochromocytoma—a tumor of the adrenal medulla
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What type of biogenic amine is serotonin
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Indolamine (note that another name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT)
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What behavioral factors (4) does serotonin alter
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Impulse control
Mood Sleep Sexuality |
None
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If serotonin levels are increased, which behavioral factors (2) will be improved
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Mood
Sleep |
None
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If serotonin levels are increased, which behavioral factor will be impaired
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Sexual functioning
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If serotonin levels are decreased, which behavioral factors (2) will be impaired
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Impulse control
Sleep Note that the patient is also likely to experience depression |
None
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How is serotonin synthesized
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Tryptophan is converted to serotonin by tryptophan hydroxylase and an amino acid decarboxylase
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Where are most serotoninergic cell bodies located in the brain
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Dorsal raphe nucleus
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None
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Which pharmacologic agents are used to alter the level of serotonin in the brain
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Antidepressants—eg selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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What is the primary metabolite of serotonin
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5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
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In which psychiatric conditions (7) is there a decreased concentration of 5-HIAA
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Alcoholism
Bulimia Impulsive behavior Pyromania Severe depression Tourette’s syndrome Violent behavior |
None
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What type of biogenic amine is histamine
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Ethylamine
Note that psychoactive agents have an affect on histamine |
None
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Which pharmacologic agents (2) block the histamine receptor
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Antipsychotic drugs
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) |
None
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What are side effects (2) of the histamine receptor blockade
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Increased appetite—contributing to weight gain and obesity
Sedation |
None
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What type of biogenic amine is Ach
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Quaternary amine
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Where is acetylcholine normally found in the body
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Neuromuscular junctions
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What psychiatric conditions (3) are associated with a decrease in cholinergic neurons
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Alzheimer’s disease
Down syndrome Movement disorders |
None
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How is Ach synthesized
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Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) and choline are converted to acetylcholine by choline acetyltransferase in cholinergic neurons
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How is Ach degraded
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AchE degrades Ach into acetate and choline
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Which pharmacologic agents (2) have been shown to reduce the degradation of Ach
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Donepezil
Tacrine Note that these agents can slow the progression of diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease |
None
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What are the three primary amino acid neurotransmitters
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Gaba—γ-aminobutyric acid
Glutamate Glycine |
None
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Which amino acid neurotransmitter is excitatory
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Glutamate
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Which amino acid neurotransmitters (2) are inhibitory
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GABA—primary inhibitory neurotransmitter; Glycine
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Which pharmacologic agents (2) alter duration and frequency of GABA
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Barbiturates—alter duration of GABA
Benzodiazepines—alter frequency of GABA |
None
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Which neurotransmitter regulates glutamate activity
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Glycine
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Which pathologic conditions (4) may glutamate play a role in
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Cell death mechanisms
Epilepsy Neurodegenerative diseases Psychotic disorders (eg schizophrenia) |
None
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What are the two endogenous opioids
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Endorphins
Enkephalins |
None
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What behavioral factors (5) do endogenous opioids alter
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Anxiety
Mood Pain Seizure activity Temperature regulation |
None
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Which factor do endogenous opioids alter in research studies
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Placebo effects—endogenous opioids are thought to play a major role in the placebo effects seen in research studies
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Which neuropeptide has been implicated in aggression and pain
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Substance P
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None
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Which two neuropeptides have been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease
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Somatostatin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) |
None
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Which five neuropeptides have been implicated in mood disorders
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Oxytocin
Somatostatin Substance P Vasopressin VIP |
None
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Which two neuropeptides have been implicated in schizophrenia
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Neurotensin |
None
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