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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name four developmental theorists
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Erik Erikson; Sigmund Freud; Margaret Mahler; Jean Piaget
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Describe Erik Erikson’s theories of development
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Critical periods at which achievement of social goals need to be achieved, otherwise they won’t be achieved
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Describe Sigmund Freud’s theories of development
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Parts of the body from which pleasure is derived at each age of development
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Describe Margaret Mahler’s theories of development
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Early development is a sequential process of separation of the child from the mother or primary care provider
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Describe Jean Piaget’s theories of development
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Learning capabilities of the child at various ages during development; children must move through four stages of development. There is a specific set of skills that must be mastered at each stage of development before progression to the other stages
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According to Erikson, which stage of development is characterized by an infant establishing faith in their cargiver
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Trust vs. Mistrust present from birth to 18 months
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According to Erikson, which stage of development is characterized by a child learning physical skills such as walking and learning to use the bathroom
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt present from age 18 months to 3 years
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According to Erikson, which stage of development is characterized by a child becoming assertive in their learning
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Initiative vs. Guilt present from 3 to 6 years
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According to Erikson, which stage of development is characterized by a child acquiring new skills at a rapid rate
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Industry vs. Inferiority present from 6 to 12 years
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According to Erikson, which stage of development is characterized by a teen who achieves a sense of identity in politics, sex soles, or occupation
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Identity vs. Role confusion present from age 12 to 18 years
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According to Erikson, which stage of development is characterized by an adult determining whether or not they want to establish an intimate relationship with another individual
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Intimacy vs. Isolation present from 19 to 40 years
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According to Erikson, which stage of development is characterized by an adult finding ways to support and encourage the next generation
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Generativity vs. Stagnation present from 40 to 65
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According to Erikson, which stage of development is characterized by an adult reflecting on their life experience
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair present from 65 to death
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Accoriding to Freud, which stage of development is characterized by focus on receiving pleasure through food consumption or sucking on pacifiers
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Oral phase present from birth to 1 year
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According to Freud, which stage of development is characterized by focus on receiving pleasure through potty training
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Anal phase present from age 1 to 3 years
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Accoring to Freud, which stage of development is characterized by focus on identifying with adult role models and the oedipal complex
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Phallic phase present from age 3 to 6 years
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According to Freud, which stage of development is characterized by focus on expanding social interactions
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Latency phase present from age 6 to 12 years
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According to Freud, which stage of development is characterized by focus on establishing a family
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Genital phase present from age 13 to adulthood
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According to Mahler, which stage of development is characterized by an infant trying to achieve homeostasis with the environment
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Normal autistic phase from birth to 4 weeks
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According to Mahler, which stage of development is characterized by an infant becoming aware of their environment and identifying with their care taker
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Normal symbiotic phase form age 4 weeks to 5 months
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According to Mahler, which stage of development is characterized by an infant becoming more alert and being able to identify who is familiar vs. who is a stranger
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First subphase: Differentiation present from age 5 to 10 months
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According to Mahler, which stage of development is characterized by an infant learning to walk
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Second subphase: Practicing present from age 10 to 16 months
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According to Mahler, which stage of development is characterized by a toddler’s frustration with his or her inability to complete a task without his/her caregiver’s assistance
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Third subphase: Rapprochement present from age 16 to 24 months
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According to Mahler, which stage of development is characterized by a toddler’s acceptance of his or her caregiver’s absence
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Fourth subphase: Constancy phase present from age 24 to 36 months
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According to Piaget, which stage of development is characterized by infants and toddlers focus on their eyes, ears, hands, and other senses
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Sensorimotor period from birth to 2 years
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According to Piaget, which stage of development is characterized by children acquiring representational skills in the area of mental imagery and language
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Preoperational thought present from age 2 to 7 years
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According to Piaget, which stage of development is characterized by children being more logical, flexible, and organized than in early childhood
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Concrete operations present from age 7 to 12 years
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According to Piaget, which stage of development is characterized by being able to think logically, theoretically, and abstractly
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Formal operations from age 12 to adulthood
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Define premature birth
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Less than 34 weeks gestation or birth weight less than 2500 g
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What are the potential outcomes of being a premature infant
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Increased infant mortality; Delayed physical and social development; Emotional and behavioral problems; Dyslexia; Child abuse
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In the US, what percentage of births are premature
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6% for White women and 13% for African American women. An average of 7.2 per 1000 live births
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What are the common risk factors associated with premature births
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Low SES; Teenage pregnancy; Poor maternal nutrition
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What are the six important neonatal reflexes
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Moro; Palmar grasp; Rooting; Stepping; Asymmetric tonic neck; Parachute
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What neonatal reflexes are present at birth
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Moro; Palmar grasp; Rooting; Stepping
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What is the Moro reflex
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Head extension causes extremity extension followed by flexion
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What is the palmar grasp
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If a finger is placed in infant’s palm, it is grasped
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What is the rooting reflex
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If an object is placed around an infant’s mouth, the infant will pursue it
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What is the stepping reflex
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When held upright and leaning forward, an infant will make walking motions with their legs
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At what age do the Moro, palmar, rooting, and stepping reflexes disappear
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4 to 6 months
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What is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex
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While supine, turning of the head causes ipsilateral extremity extension and contralateral flexion
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At what age does the asymmetric tonic neck reflex appear and then disappear
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Present at 2 weeks and disappears by 6 months
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What is the parachute reflex
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While sitting and tilted to one side, an infant extends the ipsilateral arm to support the body
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What are the key categories of development
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Gross motor; Fine/visual motor; Language; Social
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What are the developmental milestones at 1 month of age
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Gross motor: When prone lifts head slightly; Fine/visual: With eyes tracks objects to midline; tight grasp; Language: Startles to sound; Social: Fixes on face
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What are the developmental milestones at 2 to 3 months of age
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Gross motor: Steadily holds head up; when prone lifts chest up; Fine/visual: Hands open at rest; Language: Smiles responsively; coos; Social: Recognizes parents; reaches for familiar objects or people
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What are the developmental milestones at 4 to 5 months of age
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Gross motor: Rolls front to back and back to front; sits well supported; Fine/visual: Grasps with both hands; Language: Orients to voice; Social: Laughs; enjoys observing environment
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What are the developmental milestones at 6 months of age
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Gross motor: Sits well unsupported; sits upright; Fine/visual: Transfers hand to hand; reaches with either hand; Language: babbles; Social: Recognizes strangers and has stranger anxiety
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What are the developmental milestones at 9 months of age
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Gross motor: Crawls, cruises, pulls to stand; Fine/visual: Uses pincer grasp; finger feeds; Language: Says dada/mama; understand No; Social: Waves bye-bye; plays pat-a-cake
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What are the developmental milestones at 12 months of age
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Gross motor: Cruises/walks alone; Fine/visual: Throws releases objects; Language: One to eight words other than dada/mama; one step commands; Social: Imitates actions; comes when called; cooperates with dressing
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What are the developmental milestones at 15 months of age
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Gross motor: Walks backward; creeps upstairs; Fine/visual: Builds two-block towers; scribbles; uses a cup; Language: Uses four to eight words; Social: Throws temper tantrums
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what are the developmental milestones at 18 months of age
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Gross motor: Runs; kicks a ball; Fine/visual: Feeds self with utensils; Language: Points to body parts when asked; names common objects; Social: Plays around but not with other children; start of toilet training
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What are the developmental milestones at 21 months of age
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Gross motor: Squats and recovers; Fine/visual: Builds five block towers; Language: Two-word combinations; Social: Toilet training
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What are the developmental milestones at 24 months of age
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Gross motor: Walks well up and down stairs; jumps; Fine/visual: Removes clothing; copies a line; Language: 50 word vocabulary; stranger understands half of speech; Social: Follows two-step commands; engages in parallel play
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What are the developmental milestones at 30 months of age
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Gross motor: Throws ball over hand; Fine/visual: Removes clothes; copies lines; Language: Appropriate pronoun use; Social: Knows first and last names
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What are the developmental milestones at 3 years of age
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Gross motor: Pedals tricycle; goes up and down stairs with alternating feet; Fine/visual: Draws a circle; eats with utensils; Language: Three word sentences; uses plural and past tense; stranger understands ¾ of speech; Social: Group play; shares toys
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What are the developmental milestones at 4 months of age
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Gross motor: Hops and skips; Fine/visual: Catches a ball; dresses alone; copies a cross; Language: Knows colors, counts to 10; Social: Imaginative play
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What are the developmental milestones at 5 years of age
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Gross motor: Hops and skips; Fine/visual: Ties shoes; Language: Prints first name; Social: Plays cooperative games; understands rules and abides by them
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At 7 to 12 months, separation from the mother or primary caregiver results in what
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Initially protests, then anaclitic depressions
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What is anaclitic depression
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When an infant becomes withdrawn and unresponsive. This can lead to death if it is severe and longstanding
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What occurs without proper mothering or attachment
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Failure to thrive
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What occurs during failure to thrive
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Developmental retardation; Poor health and growth; High death rates, even with adequate physical care
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Toddlers who are hospitalized are most likely to fear what
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Separation from parents or card providers more than bodily harm or pain
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In what age group is elective surgery best tolerated
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7-11 year olds
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By age 3, how does separation from parents or care providers affect children
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Separation form parents has no long term negative effects on children. In fact, children at age 3 are able to spend significant portions of the day with other adults
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How do toddlers understand death
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It is an incomplete understanding of the meaning of death and the child may expect a friend, relative, or pet to come back to life
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At what age do children begin to understand the concept of death
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A the age of 8 years
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How do 7-11 year olds react to death
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They act out, act badly at school or home (a defense mechanism)
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In what age group do children begin to form relationships with other adults
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7 to 11 years
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Which parents do the 7 to 11 year olds identify themselves with
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The same sex parent
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How is the start of puberty marked
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Cognitive growth and personality formation; In girls—the onset of menstruation beginning at 11 to 12 years; In boys—the first ejaculation, occurring at age 13 to 14 years
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How is development through puberty measured
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By the Tanner stages
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How many Tanner stages are there and what are the three categories of measurement
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There are five stages. The catetories are male genitalia, female breasts, and pubic hair
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Define Tanner Stage I
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Males have a childhood sized penis, testes, and scrotum; Females have preadolescent breast with elevation of the papilla only; There is no pubic hair
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Define Tanner Stage II
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Males have enlargement of the testes and scrotum; Females have breast buds with elevation of breast and papilla; Pubic hair is sparse and straight with downy hari on labia/penis base
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Define Tanner stage III
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Males have penis enlargement; Females have breast and areola enlargement with single contour; Pubic hair is curled, darker, and coarse
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Define Tanner stage IV
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Males have scrotal skin darkening and rogations are present; Females have areola and papilla projection with separate contour (secondary mound); Pubic hair is adult type hair limited to the genital area
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Define Tanner stage V
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Males have adult sized and shaped penis, testes, and scrotum; Females have mature breasts; Pubic hair is adult quantity and pattern and spreads to the thighs
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