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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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free will vs determinism definitions
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determinism - peoples beh is hereditary and environmental
free will - power to determin our actions regardless of external pressure, we are responsible for our beh |
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Unconscious determinants of behavior
psychoanalytic constructs |
psychoanalitic - unconscious drives, conflicts, mechanisms of defense
beh constructs - advertising, sexual attraction neural circuitry and beh determinism - over learning, emotions and thought |
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Habituation and sensitization
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habituation - a decrease in strength of reflex due to repeated stimuli,
sensitization - increase in response with repeated stimulus presentation |
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beep before radio goes on in the car
habituation or sensitization? |
habituation
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touching a hot object resulting in hand withdrawal
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reflex - stimulus reliably elicits the same response innately without prior experience
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learning
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change in capacity for behavior as the result of particular kinds of experience
psychologists find it hard to define |
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imprinting happens during what period?
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critical period , make an association and follow the first thing it sees
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ASsociative learning
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two events occur together and one learns about the relationship between the two events
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three things effecting the formation and strength of associations
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contiguity frequency and intensity
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describe frequency
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strength of conditioned response increases the most early on in conditioning gradually decreasing till you get a stable plateau of performance (like a graph pg 445)
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what is contiguity
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events that occur together become associated, believed to underlie the formation of associations
events that are seperated in space or time are less likely to be associated, if events are too close together the strength of association is weakened or nonexistant |
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Pavlovian/classical conditioning
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long lasting change established in the brain
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UR,CR, US CS
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UR - unconditioned response, response w/o training
CR - response following associative learning US- unconditioned stimuli, important event resulting in beh, autonomic and endocrine response conditioned stimuli - new stimuli elicits beh, autonomic and endocrine response |
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which is which
salvation with presentation of food presentation of food bell-tone salvation from bell tone |
UR
US CS CR |
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generalization
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response generalizes from training to the test stimulus,
ie girl associating male teacher with all men |
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learning as a result of pairing a stimulus with a previously conditioned stimulus
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second order conditioning
a male teacher to the smel of an egg salad sandwhich |
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conditioning to environmental cues present when unconditioned stiumuli are presen
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contextual conditioning
ie environmental cues for drug use behavior or the hallway near a gym |
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learned helplessness
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animal experiment: animal receives painful stimulus which the animal cant escape from. Learns by classical conditioning to assoc pain with inability to escape. done by seligman 1967
possibly could be ptsd |
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operant conditioning
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a response operating on the environment to elicit a consequence
ie pigeon packing at a spot to get food consequence increases probablity of response happeing again |
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reinforcement
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INCREASE IN BEHAVIOR due to a "reward"
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positive reinforcement
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stimulus results in increased rate of a behavior
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negative reinforcement
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removal of an aversive stimulus resulting in increased rate of a behavior
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reinforcer that requires no special training to be effective, will be effective for all members of a spp from birth
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primary reinforcer
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stimulus tha aquires reinforcement through experience, pairing a stimulus with a primary reinforcer
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secondary or conditioned reinforcer
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child increases her studying to earn money by recieving good grades
what is the reinforcer? positive or negative reinforcement negative reinforcement? positive reinforcement? learned helpelessness? stimulus generalization? |
money is reinforcer, positive reinforcement
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a 2 yr old child who is afraid of nurses in white uniforms cries when his grandmother comes in wearing a white jacket
negative reinforcement? positive reinforcement? learned helpelessness? stimulus generalization? |
stimulus generalization
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children who repeatedly fail in school despite their best efforts eventually stop trying and give up
negative reinforcement? positive reinforcement? learned helpelessness? stimulus generalization? |
learned helplessness
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child increases her studying behavior to avoid being scolded
negative reinforcement? positive reinforcement? learned helpelessness? stimulus generalization? |
avoidance of aversive stimulus (scolding) increases behavior (studying)
negative reinforcement |
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a patient who walks more to decrease the amoiunt of antihypertension drugs she has to take
negative reinforcement? positive reinforcement? learned helpelessness? stimulus generalization? |
negative reinforcement
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positive punishment
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negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement learned helpelessness stimulus generalization |
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CRF schedule
Ration reinforcement schedule interval schedule |
continuous reinforcement schedule - every response reinforced
Ratio reinforcement schedule - reinforcement depends on the number of reponses that have occured Interval schedule - reinforcement depens on howmuch time has elapsed since last reinforcer |
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positive punishment
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positive punishment - aversive stimulus is added
(add) (decrease behavior) |
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negative punishment
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aversive stimulus removed
(take away)(decrease behavior) PAGE 138 book abd |
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Negative punishment
positive punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement child decreases he "fooling around" behavior after mother scolding |
positive punishment
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Negative punishment?
positive punishment? negative reinforcement? positive reinforcement? avoiding public speaking removies anxiety, each time you do this it gets easier to avoid |
negative reinforcement
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Negative punishment
positive punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement adding an emetic to favorite food |
positive punishment, stimulus was added
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Negative punishment
positive punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement "time out" for a child |
negative punishment
child is removed from a more reinforcing environment, taking away something that a child likes |
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Extinction
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weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is presented by istelf,
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going to work for years then suddenly not getting paid, eventually stop working
is this extinction or negative punishment |
extinction - reduces behavior for a long time
ex) time out - because during each time out the child recieves no positive reinforcement(attention) from the parents for the bad behavior, the behavior eventually dies out (extinction) |
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Shaping
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behavior can't be reinforced if there isnt beh there to begin with, soo
reward when randomly shows behavior close to desired behavior, closer and closer approxiamtions are rewarded |
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modeling
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observational learning, observe others and imitate
more effective and efficient then operant or conditional conditioning |
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learning and neural circuits
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learning effects mechanical aspects
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LECTURE 2
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psychodynamic theory
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two clinical approaches to understanding human behavior and psychopathology
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descriptive and psychodynamic
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descriptive
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abnormalitites or psychiatric symptoms observed by a doctor, use of symptoms in a checklist to diagnose, problem: what patient reveals may or may not be what he/she really feels
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psychodynamic
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symptoms and abnormal behavior are important only in what they reveal about the internal conflict
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psychodynamis four basic principals
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lives are governed by external and internal forces, unconscious and conscious
mind has a structure - id(instincts) ego(mediates conscious[language perception memory]and unconscious[defense mechanisms]) superego(prohibitions of society) psychic determinism(all beh has unconscious meaning) roots of psychological conflict are laid down in early childhood |
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parapraxes
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freudian slip
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diagnosing psychiatric illness
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1)unconscious and conscious component of psychological conflict, id ego(defense mech) and superego
2) dynamics of presenting symptoms 3) understanding of the roots of conflict in childhood |
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EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
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lskrhg
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Repression
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elimination from conscious awareness unacceptable things(internal)
note: suppression is conscious "I will worry about it later" |
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Denial
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denial of external reality (it wont happen to me, physicians take longer to get to ER after acute chest pain even though they know),
note: repression pertains to internal experience |
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Rationalization/intellectualization
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logic or science to deal with unnacceptable feelings/impulses
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isolation
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separation of idea from it's affect so affect disappears
an individual does not consciously experience any emotion when thinking about/describing an emotional event, they have isolated their emotion from the event |
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displacement
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emotion/affect is attached to a SUBSTITUTE
anger at boss is released on children at home |
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turning against self
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displacement where substitute is the SELF
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Undoing
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unacceptable impulses/fantasies are retracted in thoughts or action
seen in rituals of OCD believes one can magically reverse incorrect beh by adopting correct beh ie AIDS from drug abuse patient quits drug use and starts to exercise, but is hospitalized for complications with AIDS |
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reaction formation
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passive or aggressive impulses/feelings are turned into exact opposite patterns of behavior
unconsciously behaving in a friendly fashion toward someone you don't like because disliking them is personally unacceptable |
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spending excessively on expensive gifts and clothing for children because mom is unconsciously resentful of responsibilities of child-rearing
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reaction formation
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excessively bluff and tough individuals like eviul kneivel (counterphobia)
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reaction formation
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projection
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scapegoating, prejudice
attributing unacceptable impulses to another |
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identification
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unwitting adoption of characteristics of someone who is lost by separation rejection or death
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conversion
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intolerable distress is transformed to somatic
a "gentle" man develops paralysis in hand after he had an intense desire to hit someone |
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SUBLIMATION
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mature defense mech
ID instincts are neutralized conflict free to socially acceptable purposes |
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Regression -
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return to immature ways of thinking
craving comfort food during times of stress |
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OTHER IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
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not defense mech
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Repetition-compulsion
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unconscious seeking of previous trauma in order to gain mastery
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Resistance
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preserve status quo, unwilling to let go
problem with psychodynamic use |
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Fixation
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strong preoccupation with a childhood object into later life, (not necessarily an external entity, may be part of patients body)
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Transference
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doctor b/cms part of problem, patient experiences the doctor as significant figure from his past
problem with psychodynamic theory |
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Counter-Transference
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doctor reacts to the patient as is patient was someone from his past
problem with psychodynamic theory |
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Free association
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having patient write down every though entering his/her mind during a session
not realistic |
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drive
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an excitation that impels someone to act leading to it's reduction
erotic or destructive |
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Interpretation
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the current, the present, and the past - explanation of conflict to patient
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insight
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deeper understanding different from intellectual understanding
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