Behavioral Science/ Cognition, Consciousness, And Language

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frontal lobe has functions like...

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day dreaming, decision making, conscious thoughts. production of language.

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cognitive development

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ability to develop thinking and problem solving abilities.

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information processing model pillars

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1- thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of a stimuli

2- stimuli must be analyzed in the brain.

3-decisions can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems

4-problem solving depends on cognition, and complexity.

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Jean Piaget

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-influential figure in developmental psychology.

-4 stages of cognitive development:

1-sensorimotor 2- preoccupational 3-concrete operational 4- formal operational

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assimilation

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classifying new information into existing schemata

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accomodation

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you modify existing schemata to encompass new information

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object permanence

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no more "out of sight, then doesnt exist"

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Sensorimotor stage has the following stages

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primary and secondary circular reactions, object permanence, and representational thought

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preoperational stage has the following phases/stages

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symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

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concerete operational stage

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conservation.

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formal operational stage

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logic, problem solving.

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Lev Vygotsky

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educational psychologist that said internalization of culture for the child is what drives cognitive development

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delirium

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rapid fluctuation in cognitive abilities due to medical (non-psychological) causes. In can be caused by a variety of issues including:

1- pH disturbances,

2-malnutrition

3-low blood sugar

4-drug reaction or infection

5- aclohol withdrawals and pain

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dementia

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occurs in people of older age.

begins with impaired memory, then progresses to impaired judgment and confusion.

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dunker's candle problem

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example of problem solving

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functional fixedness

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unable to consider non traditional ways of solving a problem

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Trial and error

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not sophisticated, you try all solutions until one works. Usually for few possible solutions

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Algorithmic

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formula to be followed or set of instructions designed to produce the desired solution

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Deductive reasoning

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using the information given to draw conclusions

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inductive, botton up reasoning

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you have instances, you draw conclusions for them

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Decision making, the availibility Heuristics

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using rules of thumb to make decisions, often lead to correct answer but not always.

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decision making, the representative heuristics

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you use sterotypical or prototypical ways of thinking to decide ( if i win every time in cards, i will win this time).

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base rate fallacy

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using stereotypical or prototypical factors while ignoring facts/numerics to make decisions

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confirmation bias

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to reject anything that does not fit your beliefs and accept the ones that do.

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intuition

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ability to act on perceptions to "feel" the right answer without the presence of evidence that supports it.

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emotion (in decision making)

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subjective to how a person might feel in a certain situation.

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Theory of intelligence BY HOWARD GARDNER

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the seven stuff

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which state of consciousness is cortisol the highest

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ALERTNESS

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where is the reticular formation located in the brain

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brainstem; it keeps the cortex awake

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what does EEG do

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electroncephalography, it records an average of the electrical patterns within different portions of the brain

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what are the EGG patterns associated with waking up and sleeping

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NREM: theta, beta, alpha, delta waves...

and REM

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Beta and alpha stages occur in which state of consciousness

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Beta: high frequency, when the person is awake and attentive

Alpha: slower waves. awake, but relaxing with closed eyes.

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theta, stage 1of sleep

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represents dozing off, Irregular waveforms with slower frequency and high voltage.

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Stage 2, theta with sleep spindles and K complex

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occurs as we fall more asleep, after stage one that is theta

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Stage 3 and 4.

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SWS; slow wave sleep. Also, at these deep stages, delta stage occurs and its the deepest.

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REM, rapid eye movement

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occurs between the stages of NREM. called paradoxical sleep because it resembles wakefulness in heart rate and breathing patterns

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circadian rhythms

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daily cycle of waking up and sleeping are regulated internally by them.

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How does melatonin work in affecting sleepiness

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The amount of light exposure..> retina, which is connected directly to hypothalamus. Hypothalamus controls the pineal gland that releases the hormone melatonin. Therefore, decreasing light causes melatonin to be released.

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Cortisol, where and when is it released

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first of all it is responsible for wakefulness. The hypothalamus, after messages from the retina about light exposure, releases corticotropin releasing factor...>anterior pituitary which releases adrenocorticotropic hormone...> releases cortisol adrenal cortex.

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Acitivation-synthesis theorey

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neural circuit at night causes dreaming

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Problem-solving dream theorey

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you solve problems while sleeping

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cognitive process dream theorey

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stream of consciousness, same mental system in brain for dreaming and wakefulness

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Neuro-cognitive models of sleeping

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unifies biological-psychological perspectives of dreaming

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Sleeping disorders, dyssominas and parasomnias

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described under

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dyssomina

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diseases that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, and avoid sleep. Such as insomnia, narcrolepsy, and sleep apnea.

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parasomnia

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are abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep. ( terror/sleep walking).

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Central sleep apnea

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when brain fails to send signals to breathe for the diaphragm

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Depressant (conscious altering drugs)

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they reduce the nervous system activity resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety.

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Alcohol does the following

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1-increases activity of GABA receptors, which happen to be chloride channels that cause hyper-polariation of the membrane.

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alcohol mypia

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short-sighted view of the world

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wernicke-koarskoff syndrome

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deficiency of thiamine (B1), mental and motor skills

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stimulants

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cause arousal or increase in the nervous system

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amphetamines

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increase arousal, and release of dopamine norepinephrine and serotonin( mood). BUT DECREASE THEIR UPTAKE BY SYNAPSES!

decreased serotonin, bad mood? is that what amohetamines could cause anxiety and edginess

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Opiates and opioids

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Opium- several drugs are derived from it (morphine/codeine)

Opioids- oxycodone. hydrocodone ( derivatives of opiates).

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Hallucinogens (LSD) lysergic acid diethylamide

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increased temp, sweating, blood pressure (ACID)...

NOTE: ITS NOT THE SAME AS Ecstasy

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cocktail party phenomenon

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being fully attentive and engaged in responding to one stimulus, yet still considering other stimuli.

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five components of language

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1-phenology: sound

2-morphology: structure of a word

3-syntax: order of words in a sentence

4-semantics: association of physical object with phenomes

5-pragmatics: dependence of language on preexisting knowledge.

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Nativist (biological theorey) by Noam Chomsky

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innate capacity for language in humans. This innate ability is referred to as the LANGUAGE ACQUISITION THEORY

-Nativist believe in the critical period of language learning [ two years-puberty].

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Learning (behaviorist theory)

BY SKINNER

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reinforcement by parents for certain words or language.

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social interactionist theorey

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interaction of both biological (like chomsky said) and social (like skinner for parents).

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Linguistic relativity hypothesis/whorfian

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language we speak influences the way we perceive the world

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wrenicke's area

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located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe. This area is responsible for COMPREHENSION AND LANGUAGE

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Broca's area

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speech production

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during which stages does dreaming occur

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STAGES: 3, 4 and REM