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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What structures connect the hemispheres?
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Corpus Callosum
Anterior Commissure Hippocampal commisure Habenular commissure |
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Mood changes
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frontal lobe
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Frontal lobe dominant lesion
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depression
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Frontal lobe non-dominant lesion
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elevation
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Difficulties iwth motivation, concentration, attention, orientation and problem solving
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Lesion of Dorsolateral convexity of frontal lobe
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Inability to speak fluently
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Broca's aphasia, dominant lesion, frontal lobe
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Impaired memory
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temporal lobe
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psychomotor seizures
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temporal lobe
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changes in aggressive behavior
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temporal lobe
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Inability to understand language
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Wernicke aphasia, dominant lesion, temporal lobe
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Poor new learning
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Limbic lobes
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Implicated specifically in Alzheimer's
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Hippocampus
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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Amygdala
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decreased aggression, increased sexual behavior, hyperorality
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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Decreased conditioned fear response
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Amygdala
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Problems recognizing the meaningfulness of facial and vocal expressions of anger in others
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Amygdala
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Impaired processing of visual-spatial information - cannot copy clock face or simple line drawing
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Right side Parietal Lobe lesion
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Impaired processing of verbal info - cannot tell left from right
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Parietal lobe
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Can't tell left from right
can't do simple math can't name fingers can't write |
Gerstmann syndrome, dominant lesion, parietal lobe
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VIsual hallucinations and illusions
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Occipital lobe lesion
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Inability to identify camouflaged objects
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Occipital lobe lesion
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Blindness
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Occipital lobe lesion
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Hunger leading to obesity and loss of weight leading ot weight loss
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Hypothalamus
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Hunger leading to obesity is where?
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ventromedial nucleus damage
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loss of appetite causing wt. loss is where?
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Lateral nucleus damage
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Effects on sexual activity and body remperature regulation
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hypothalamus
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Changes in sleep-wake mechanisms (decreased REM sleep)
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Reticular system
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Loss of consciousness
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Reticular system
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disorders of movement - Parkinson's disease
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Basal ganglia, substantia nigra
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Huntington's disease
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Basal ganglia, caudate and putamen
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Tourette's Syndrome
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Basal Ganglia, caudate
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Compares how frequently a behavioral disorder or trait occurs in the relatives of the affected individual with how freq. it occurs in the general population
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Family Risk studies
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The Hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, septum, and parts of the thalamus are all part of the _____
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Limbic system
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Which hemisphere is associated with perception, spatial relations, body image, and musical and artistic ability?
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Right (nondominant) Hemisphere
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Which hemisphere is associated with language function?
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Left (dominant) hemisphere
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Women have a larger __ and __ than men
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Corpus callosum and anterior commissure
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The changeability of number or affinity of receptors for specific neurotransmitters
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Neuronal plasticity
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MAO's affect on NT's
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degrades them
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↓ Norepi
↓ Serotonin ↓ dopamine |
Depression
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↑ Dopamine
↓ GABA |
Mania
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↑ Dopamine
↑ Serotonin ↑ Glutamate |
Schizophrenia
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↓GABA
↓serotonin ↑ Norepinephrine |
Anxiety
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↓ACh
↑ Glutamate |
Alzheimer disease
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What are the biogenic amines/monoamines?
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catecholamines
indolamines ehtyl amines quaternary amines |
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lowered monoamines results in
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depression
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elevated monoamines results in
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mania
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Schizophrenia, Parkinson's Dz, mood disorders, the conditioned fear response, and the rewarding nature of drugs of abuse, all involve which NT?
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Dopamine
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Schizophrenia involves which NT?
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Dopamine
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Parkinson's involves which NT?
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Dopamine
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Which enzyme converts the amino acid to dopamine?
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Tyrosine hydroxylase
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Whats the major receptor suptype for site of action for Dopamine?
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D2
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What 3 tracts is Dopamine involved in?
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Nigrostriatal tract
Tuberoinfundibular tract Mesolimbic-mesocortical tract |
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Which tract is involved in the regulation of muscle tone and movement?
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Nigrostriatal tract
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Which tract degenerates in Parkinson's Disease?
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Nigrostriatal Tract
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Which tract involves dopamine's inhibition of the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary?
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tuberoinfundibular tract
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Which tract involves emotions and projects into the limbic system and prefrontal cortex?
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mesolimbic-mesocortical tract
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Which NT plays a role in mood, anxiety, arousal, learning and memory?
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Norepi
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Which enzyme converts dopamine to norepinephrine?
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Dopamine Beta-hydroxylase
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Where are most neradrenergic neurons located in the brain?
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the Locus Ceruleus
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Which NT plays a role in mood, sleep, sexuality, and impulse control?
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Serotonin and indolamine
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Elevated serotonin levels are associated with ___
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improved mood and sleep but,
Decreased sexual function |
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How does serotonin effect sexuality?
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Delays orgasm
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Decreased serotonin levels lead to __
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poor impulse control, depression, and poor sleep
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serotonin is made from what aa?
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tryptophan
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Which enzymes are involved in teh formation of serotonin?
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tryptophan hydroxylase and and aa decarboxylase
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Most serotonergic cell bodies in the brain are located where?
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Raphe nucleus
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What do HCA's, SSRI's, and MAOI's do?
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INCREASE serotonin and Norepi in the synaptic cleft
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How od HCAs work?
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Block reuptake of Serotonin AND Norepi
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How do SSRI's work?
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Block reuptake of Serotonin
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How to MAOI's work?
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Prevent the DEGRADATION of serotonin and Norepi by MAO
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What side effects are seen with histamine receptor blocker drugs?
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sedation, increased appetite and weight gain
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"nerve-skeleton-muscle" junctions use which transmitter?
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ACh
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Degeneration of cholinergic neurons is assoc. with...
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Alzheimer's
Downs syndrome movement and sleep disorders decreased REM sleep |
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How is ACh made?
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ACoA + Choline (via choline acetyltransferase) = ACh
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Which area in the brain is involved in making ACh?
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nucleus basalis of Meynert
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What kind of drug is fluoxetine (Prozac)?
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SSRI
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donezepil, rivastigmine and galantamine are what kind of drug?
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AChE blockers
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Drugs that block muscarinig ACh receptors have what side effects
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dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary hesitancy, constipation
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How do you treat Parkinson-like symptoms caused by antipsychotic drugs?
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Anticholinergic agents
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WHat does Memantine block
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NMDA receptors
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Whats the main Glutamate receptor?
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NMDA
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What is GABA synthesized from? Whats the enzyme?
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Made from Glutamate
Enzyme = glutamic acid decarboxylase |
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What drugs is GABA involved with?
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Benzo's and Barbiturates
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What are benzodiazepines used for?
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ANXIETY
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How does GABA work in benzo's and barbiturates?
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Benzo's and barbiturates increase the affinity of GABA for its GABA-a binding site, allowing more Cl- ot enter the neuron, thus hyperpolarizing the neuron. THis decreases neuronal firing and ultimately decreases anxiety
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Which NT is inhibitory and controls Glutamate activity?
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Glycine
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Which opioids are made in teh brain, and decrease pain & anxiety, and have a role in ADDICTION and MOOD
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Enkephalins, Endorphins, dynorphins, and endomorphins
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Tx with what drug can block placebo effects?
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Naloxone
opioid receptor blocker |
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CCK and neurotensin =
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schizophrenia
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somatostatin, substanceP, vasopressin, oxytocin, and Corticotropin-releaseinf factor =
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mood disorders
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somatostatin and substance P =
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Huntington's
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somatostatin =
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Alzheimer's
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substance P and CCK =
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Anxiety Disorders
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substance P =
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Physical and mental pain and aggression
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neuropeptide Y =
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Obesity
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