Behavioral Neuroscience - Pain/motor/learning/memory

Front 1

What is learning?

Back 1

Motor response in relation to sensory input. It is necessary for survival.
Non-associative learning

Front 2

UR: unconditioned response/biological (salivating

Back 2

freezing)

Front 3

CR: conditioned response to CS (salivating

Back 3

freezing)
PTSD and fear conditioning?

Front 4

Instrumental: associating motor action with stimulus (press lever for food pellet)
Why are Aplysia a great model for studying learning and memory?

Back 4

Small nervous system

Front 5

receptors for glutamate: AMPA (Na+ channel) and NMDA (Ca++ channel) in post-synaptic neuron. NMDA usually blocked by Mg++. Great deal of depolarization makes NMDA receptor "change shape" and expel Mg++

Back 5

so NMDA opens and both Na+ and Ca++ are entering. Rise in Ca++ activates protein kinase C

Front 6

periaqueductal gray -> freezing

Front 7

paraventricular nucleus (PVN) -> stress hormones.
Difference between fibers that send pain messages?

Back 7

A-delta: 1st pain

Front 8

C fibers: 2nd pain

Back 8

unmyelinated

Front 9

CMR1 - on C fiber

Back 9

cool (menthol)
Some areas pf brain involved in pain perception?

Front 10

Opiates inhibit inhibitory interneurons in PAG - increase activity of neurons w/ axons descending to raphé nuclei w/ axons descending to dorsal columns of spinal cord. serotonergic activity of descending dorsal column axons excite inhibitory spinal interneurons that block incoming pain signals
TENS?

Back 10

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Stimulates nerves around source of pain. Acts through the opioid system.
What is phantom limb pain?

Front 11

Globus Pallidus

Back 11

Substantia Nigra

Front 12

Subthalamic Nucleus
Direct/Indirect systems of basal ganglia

Back 12

DIRECT: D1 in striatum -> inhibits Globus Pallidus internal (GPi)

Front 13

INDIRECT: D2 in striatum -> inhibits Globus Pallidus external (GPe)

Back 13

which is inhibitory -> leading to excitatory STN -> excites inhibitory GPi -> inhibits action (modulates)
What would happen if you add D1 antagonist to putamen?

Front 14

Provide L-DOPA (which only works to a point because of degeneration

Back 14

it depends on the amount of cells.

Front 15

Surgical treatments to sidestep dopamine - some success
Huntington's disease?

Back 15

Degeneration of caudate/putamen - uncontrollable movement (chorea)
Cerebellar ataxia?

Front 16

anterior - hypothalamus - releasing inhibitory factors (not hormones) sent from hypothalamic pituitary portal system that acts on remote glands to release hormones
Main genetic difference between males/females?

Back 16

F: XX

Front 17

M: XY
SRY genes - how does it differentiate males/females in normal dev't?

Back 17

SRY on Y chromosome. Differentiates gonadal tissues into testes. Default = female development (ovaries and estrogen). No SRY gene = no testes. Yes SRY gene = testes -> testosterone & AMH -> repress ovaries/estrogen.
How does testosterone masculinize tissue? Describe role of alpha-5-reductase and alpha-fetoprotein

Front 18

Wolffian system: male internal sex organs (epididymis

Back 18

testes

Front 19

AMH: inhibits mullerian system.
Testosterone is male hormone

Back 19

T/F?

Front 20

False - females also have testosterone produced from adrenal glands

Back 20

but not as much.
Turner's syndrome

Front 21

estrous - reabsorb endometrium - usually only have sex during estrus cycle
What are pheromones?

Back 21

chemical released by one animal that affects behavior or physiology of another
Lee-Boot Effect

Front 22

INAH-3: (3rd interstitial nucleus in anterior hypothalamus) in homosexual males are more like females.
BNST in transgender males

Back 22

what is problem?

Front 23

Problem: What comes first? What affects what? Change in brain or change in behavior?
Brain mechanisms in male sexual behavior

Back 23

Medial Preoptic Area (MPA) - in hypothalamus

Front 24

Nucleus Paragigantocellularis (nPGi) - nucleus in medulla - male sexual reflexes
Brain mechanisms in female sexual behavior

Back 24

Ventromedial Nucleus of Hypothalamus (VMH)

Front 25

What is learning?

Back 25

Motor response in relation to sensory input. It is necessary for survival.
Non-associative learning

Front 26

CR: conditioned response to CS (salivating, freezing)
PTSD and fear conditioning?

Back 26

PTSD shows failure of extinction in fear conditioning model - they keep experiencing the fear
Differentiate Classical vs Instrumental conditioning?

Front 27

Instrumental: associating motor action with stimulus (press lever for food pellet)
Why are Aplysia a great model for studying learning and memory?

Back 27

Small nervous system, large neurons, simple genetics, identifiable neurons + circuits
Describe how gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia is habituated?

Front 28

receptors for glutamate: AMPA (Na+ channel) and NMDA (Ca++ channel) in post-synaptic neuron. NMDA usually blocked by Mg++. Great deal of depolarization makes NMDA receptor "change shape" and expel Mg++, so NMDA opens and both Na+ and Ca++ are entering. Rise in Ca++ activates protein kinase C, and CaMKII (Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II)
Hippocampus involved in...

Back 28

Declarative memory - things you know that you know (episodic, etc)
Fear conditioning circuit

Front 29

paraventricular nucleus (PVN) -> stress hormones.
Difference between fibers that send pain messages?

Back 29

A-delta: 1st pain, myelinated, fast

Front 30

C fibers: 2nd pain, unmyelinated, slow
How does capsaicin result in perception of heat?

Back 30

VR1 receptor agonist - it acts on channels responsive to heat (TRPV1/VR1 on C fiber)
TRPV1/TRPV2/CMR1?

Front 31

CMR1 - on C fiber, cool (menthol)
Some areas pf brain involved in pain perception?

Back 31

PAG, Amygdalla, hypothalamus
Analgesia?

Front 32

Opiates inhibit inhibitory interneurons in PAG - increase activity of neurons w/ axons descending to raphé nuclei w/ axons descending to dorsal columns of spinal cord. serotonergic activity of descending dorsal column axons excite inhibitory spinal interneurons that block incoming pain signals
TENS?

Back 32

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Stimulates nerves around source of pain. Acts through the opioid system.
What is phantom limb pain?

Front 33

Subthalamic Nucleus
Direct/Indirect systems of basal ganglia

Back 33

DIRECT: D1 in striatum -> inhibits Globus Pallidus internal (GPi), which is inhibitory -> action!

Front 34

INDIRECT: D2 in striatum -> inhibits Globus Pallidus external (GPe), which is inhibitory -> leading to excitatory STN -> excites inhibitory GPi -> inhibits action (modulates)
What would happen if you add D1 antagonist to putamen?

Back 34

No movement
Parkinson's disease? How does it result in tremors?

Front 35

Surgical treatments to sidestep dopamine - some success
Huntington's disease?

Back 35

Degeneration of caudate/putamen - uncontrollable movement (chorea)
Cerebellar ataxia?

Front 36

anterior - hypothalamus - releasing inhibitory factors (not hormones) sent from hypothalamic pituitary portal system that acts on remote glands to release hormones
Main genetic difference between males/females?

Back 36

F: XX

Front 37

M: XY
SRY genes - how does it differentiate males/females in normal dev't?

Back 37

SRY on Y chromosome. Differentiates gonadal tissues into testes. Default = female development (ovaries and estrogen). No SRY gene = no testes. Yes SRY gene = testes -> testosterone & AMH -> repress ovaries/estrogen.
How does testosterone masculinize tissue? Describe role of alpha-5-reductase and alpha-fetoprotein

Front 38

AMH: inhibits mullerian system.
Testosterone is male hormone, T/F?

Back 38

True - causes masculinization of tissue, males have more

Front 39

False - females also have testosterone produced from adrenal glands, but not as much.
Turner's syndrome

Back 39

Single X chromosome, no SRY gene, abnormal female development
Androgen Exposure

Front 40

estrous - reabsorb endometrium - usually only have sex during estrus cycle
What are pheromones?

Back 40

chemical released by one animal that affects behavior or physiology of another
Lee-Boot Effect

Front 41

INAH-3: (3rd interstitial nucleus in anterior hypothalamus) in homosexual males are more like females.
BNST in transgender males, what is problem?

Back 41

Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis - larger in males than females.

Front 42

Problem: What comes first? What affects what? Change in brain or change in behavior?
Brain mechanisms in male sexual behavior

Back 42

Medial Preoptic Area (MPA) - in hypothalamus

Front 43

Nucleus Paragigantocellularis (nPGi) - nucleus in medulla - male sexual reflexes
Brain mechanisms in female sexual behavior

Back 43

Ventromedial Nucleus of Hypothalamus (VMH)