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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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in the news
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Depression and suicide
Depressed who commit suicide have an abnormal distribution of receptors for the chemical GABA GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter Excitatory in birth In the frontal cortex of suicide brains, the gene for the GABA-A receptor- often methylated-epigenetics Limited capacity for protein synthesis gradually depriving themselves of building critical synapses which could be important for staying happy Decrease in receptors GABA is inhibiting suicidal thoughts Epigenetics: suppression of expression Boys are born either short or low birth weight are more likely to commit violent suicide as adults than longer and heavier Early insult may have effects on DNA to reduce expression of GABA receptors in the frontal cortex |
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Glutamate
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Most abundant - excitatory
Key molecule in cell metabolism- proteins are broken down into amino acids |
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Synaptic plasticity
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-learning and memory
Brain injury or disease – excitotoxicity Too much |
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Epileptic seizures
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glutamate injected into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization's
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Schizophrenia
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may be mediated by dysfunction of gene for glutamate transporter
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NMDA receptor (Amino acid)
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N-Methyl-D-aspartate (what activates receptor)
specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg+ ions Ca2+ channel - plays a critical role in LTP (Long term Potentiation) Requirements: Glutamate bind Glycine bind Partial depolarization to remove the magnesium block Alcohol antagonist to NMDA rec depressant |
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GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid
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the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system
Important for development - regulates the growth of embryonic and neural stem cells Without GABA suppression of neural impulses – epilepsy Anxiety (the receptor |
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GABA picture
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5 binding sites- bind to receptor in different subunit
Steroids: anti-anxiety effect at normal level Progesterone following metabolizism Straight steroids can’t bind, have to be neurosteroids Benzodiaxepines: highly addictive |
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Vasopressin (not in book)
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G-protein coupled receptors
present throughout the brain periphery: liver, kidney, and vasculature Knock-out up anxiety-like behavior down social behavior Thermoregulation (heat) and osmoregulation (water balance) The Love Receptor: increase in vasopressin Setting up stage for animal Behave like dad, higher Amount in right picture vasopressin transported to That area |
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Steroids receptors
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Estrogen receptor
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Transcription factors
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sequence-specific DNA binding factor
Increasing expression of a certain gene, control transcription Working as “buddies” don’t work by themselves Directly regulate DNA A protein that binds to specific sequences of DNA and thereby controls transcription (from DNA to RNA) Transcription factors perform this function with other proteins in a complex |
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picure steroids
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Steroids bind to receptors in cytoplasma
Steroids dimerize Complex makes it into cell’s nucleus t Then binds to cellular DNA Recruit other proteins that help bind |
