Behavioral Neuroscience Exam 1- Lecture 15

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in the news

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Brain samples from the quebec suicide brain bank
People with a history of childhood abuse had lower levels of glucocorticoid receptors compared to both groups-(altered response to stress)
Altered stress response
Childhood-abuse victims had a similar methylation pattern to that seen in rats that had been stressed as pups
There are drugs that remove methylation (works in rats) could this be a potential for the deleterious effects of child abuse

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Striate Cortex

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Further analysis of information from retina

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Association cortex

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Perception of visual information

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process of seeing

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Optic nerve, geniculate nucleus, extra striate cortex to association cortex

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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

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In the Thalamus - (relay center) receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex
the primary processing center for visual information

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where the same side eye sends info to (layers)

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The eye on the same side (the ipsilateral eye) sends information to layers 2, 3 and 5

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where the opposite side eye sends information

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the eye on the opposite side (the contralateral eye) sends information to layers 1, 4 and 6.

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magnocellular layer – big cells

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Layers 1+2 - perception of form, movement, depth, and small differences in brightness

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parvocellular layer – small cells

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Layers 3,4,5+6 - perception of color and fine details
Red and green cones

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koniocellular layer – very small cells - interlaminar

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transmits information from short-wavelength (“blue”) cones to the primary visual cortex.

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what layer of the visual cortex does it go to

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layer 4

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simple cell

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An orientation-sensitive neuron in the striate
for extracting disparity (depth) information and to attribute depth to detected lines and edges

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complex cell

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responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation located within its receptive field
respond to patterns of light in a certain orientation within a large receptive field, regardless of the exact location

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hypercomplex cell

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responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation that ends at a particular point within the cell’s receptive field.
End stopping properties

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Spatial Frequency

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expressed as the number of cycles per degree of visual angle
Different spatial frequencies convey different information about the appearance of a stimulus

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High Frequency

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spatial frequencies represent abrupt spatial changes in the image
edges, and generally correspond to configural information and fine detail

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Low

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spatial frequencies represent global information
shape; general orientation and proportions

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Inside blob Two ”CO (cytochrome oxidase) blobs” in each module

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Cells within each CO blob are sensitive to color and to low frequency information

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Outside each blob

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neurons respond to orientation, movement, spatial frequency and texture, but not to color information

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Ocular dominance

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cells in each half of the module respond to only one eye

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Orientation columns

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orientation-sensitive

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Module idea describes

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a group of neurons in visual striate cortex dedicated to analysis of visual features

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The visual striate cortex can be described by groupings of neurons that are sensitive to

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Orientation
The amount of input from each eye
Color

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Ocular dominance

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the % of info from each of the eyes