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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do Dendrites do? |
Receive information (messages) from other neurons. |
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What does the cell body do? |
Holds the nucleus. |
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What does the Axon do? |
the shaft of the cell that the message travels through |
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What does the axon terminal do? |
sends out messages to other cells
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What is the main purpose of myelin? |
to speed up the processing of the message to the axon terminal |
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whats a nucleus? |
brain of the cell. |
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cytoplasm |
goop that everything lives in |
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mitochondria |
energy source of the cell |
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lysosomes |
picks up the debris of the cell |
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golgi apparatus |
packaging system |
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ribosomes |
produce proteins |
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endoplasmic reticulum |
also produce proteins |
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microtubules |
hold the cell together and transfer energy |
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unipolar cells |
the cell body that had a single branch that splits into two different directions |
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bipolar cells |
a single dendrite at one end and a single axon on the other |
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multipolar cells |
a neuron with many dendrites and a single axon |
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interneurons |
a neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc.
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microglia cells |
(glial cell) moves trash and debris |
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macroglia cells |
( glial cells) (oligodendrocytes) create myelin |
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astrocytes cells |
makes space smaller so things have a harder time getting in |
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schwann cells |
myelin in the peripheral cells |
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ependymal cells
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The epithelial lining of the cerebral ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord.
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what is the function and characteristics of a cell membrane |
function: protect the cell, move chemicals in/out of the cell Ion channels: characteristics--mostly positively charged. |
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What is resting membrane potential? |
measure the difference in electrodes from the outside to the inside of the cell. 2 forces contributing to the potential: charge (electrostatic pressure) and diffusion (pressure from concentration gradient. |
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What is action potential? |
A mechanism by which we take a message from the cell body to the axon terminal |
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What is the sequence of events that happen during action potential? |
1. Na+ channel open>>sodium rushes in 2. K+ channels slowly open 3. Na+ channels close 4. K+ leaves cell due to diffusion and electrostatic pressure. |
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What is the absolute refractory period? |
the period between the initiation pf the action potential and immediately after the peak. |
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What is the relative refractory period? |
the period during which a stronger than normal stimulus is needed inorder to elicit an action potential |
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what is the role of the sodium-potassium pump |
leaking, exchanging Na+ and K+ constantly |
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What is an EPSP |
exitatiry post synaptic potential positive messages |
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What is an IPSP |
inhibitory post synaptic potentials negatively charged messages |
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how are EPSP's and IPSP's added across space and time? |
Axon hillock acts as accountant in the cell. Controls the cells coming in and out to prevent buildup |
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how do we know that communication across the synapse is chemical? |
contains chemicals in vesicles. little tiny probes in that one brain on that one slide. |
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how do NT vesicles (large and small) merge with the cell membrane? |
large vesicles contain neuropeptides and are packaged and released from cell body. Small vesicles contain transmitters. |
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how are the NT's released |
Vesicles dock at protein clusters embedded in presynaptic membrane calcium is important |
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ionotropic receptors |
neurotransmitter binds-channel opens |
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metabotropic receptors |
attached to a G protein -an alpha unit attached to the G protein is released, it binds to an ion channel & opens it _an alpha unit is released, it attaches to an enzyme which produces a second messenger which opens the ion channel. |
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Describe the ionic movements that occur during postsynaptic potentials |
-influx of Na+ causes depolarization (EPSP) -influx of K+ causes hyperpolarization (IPSP) -influx of Cl- causes hyperpolarization (IPSP) -INFLUX OF cA2+ ACTIVATED ENZYME |
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how is synaptic transmission stopped? |
-diffusion -reuptake -enzymatic degradation>>in synapse only for Ach >>All else are torn down in presynaptic cell. |
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What are the roles of each NT and their classes: AMINO ACIDS |
SMALL MOLECULE NT -glutamate--learning and memory -aspartate -glycine -GABA--#1 inhibitory NT |
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What are the roles of each NT and their classes: MONOAMINES/CATECHOLAMINES |
-dopamine--reward and cognition -epinephrine--adrenaline -norepinepherine--staying focused |
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What are the roles of each NT and their classes: MONOAMINES/INDOLAMINES |
-seratonin--mood, sleep, eating -melatonin--induces sleep |
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What are the roles of each NT and their classes: SOLUBLE GASES |
-nictric oxide -carbon monoxide |
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What are the roles of each NT and their classes:
NEUROPEPTIDES |
ENDORPHINS |
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What are the roles of each NT and their classes:
ACETYLCHOLINE |
-acetylcholine--motor neuron talking to muscle cells |
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agnostic drug effects |
look at notes |
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antagonistic drug effects |
look at notes |
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dorsal |
above or superior |
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medial |
middle |
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anterior |
front or frontal/rostral |
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ventral |
below/belly |
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lateral |
side |
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posterior |
tail/caudal |
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sagettal |
vertical planes |
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coronal |
dividing the body into anterior and posterior positions |
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layer of meninges: dura mater |
"hard mother" tough outter layer of fibrous tissue |
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layer of meninges: arachnoid layer |
'spiders web' thin sheet of delicate connective tissue
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layer of meninges: pia mater
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"soft mother" moderately tough inner layer that clings to the brains surface. |
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what is cerebralspinal fluid (CSF) |
-sodium chloride and other salts -fills ventricals & circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnod space. |
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what order does CSF go in through the ventricles |
lateral ventricles>>third ventricle>>cerebral aqueduct>>fourth ventrical |
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4 lobes of the brain |
-frontal -parietal -occipital -temporal |
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cerebellum |
coordination of motor and other mental processes |
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basal ganglia |
control of movement |
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cerebrum |
majors structure of the forebrain. consisting of two virtually identical hemispheres (L&R) |
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limbic system |
regulates emotion and behaviors that creat and require memory |
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brainstem |
central structures of the brain. including the hindbrain, midbrain and diencephalon |
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amygdala |
emotions, survival instincts and memory |
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broca's area |
Speaking language -located in the frontal lobe |
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Hippocampus |
long term memory spatial navigation |
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wernicke's area |
understanding language located in the temporal lobe |
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Thalamus |
sensory processing motor processing integrative functions motivation memory |
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motor homunuculus/motor cortex |
plan and exicute movements |
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hypothalamus |
feeding sexual behaviors sleeping temp. regulation emotional behavior hormone function (connects with the pituitary gland) |
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somatosensory homunuculus/somatosensory cortex |
Recieves all sensory input from the body |
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pons |
(hindbrain) connects cerebellum to rest of brain controls important movements of the body. |
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medulla |
(hindbrain) control of breathing and heart rate |
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Tectum (superior and inferior colliculus) |
(roof of midbrain) sensory and processing (visual and auditory) produces orientation of movements |
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reticuar formation |
netlike mixture of neurons (grey matter) and nerve fibers (white matter0 stimulates the forebrain: regulation of sleep/wake behavior and behavioral arousal. |
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tegmentum |
(floor of midbrain) Eye and limb movements species-specific behaviors perception of pain |
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crainial nerves |
on notes |
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endocrine glands |
release hormones with in the body through the blood. |
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hypothamalus |
control of hormone secretion |
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pineal gland |
reproductive maturation/body rhythms |
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anterior pituitary |
hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads; growth |
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posterior pituitary |
water balance/salt balance |
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thyroid |
growth and development; metabolic rate |
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adrenal cortex (outer) |
salt and carb metabolism/inflamitory reactions |
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Adrenal medulla |
emotional arousal |
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pancreas |
sugar metabolism |
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gut |
digestion and appetite control |
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gonads |
body development; maintenance of reproductive organs in adults |
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ventral nucleus of the hypothalamus |
female sex behaviors; if leasioned, no lordosis |
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medial preoptic area |
male sex behaviors when stimulated; if lesioned it abolishes all male sex behavior |
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pheromones |
-mediated by vomeronasal organ -control much of sexual behavior. |
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coolidge effect |
males can rise to the occasion much faster when they are presented with more novel females to do it with.
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mcclintock effect |
synchronized cycles |
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Lee-Boot Effect
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Suppression or elongation of cycles when females are housed together but without a male
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Whitten Effect
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If subject females to urine of novel male, they begin cycling again/Can also be used to synchronize cycles in a colony
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Vandenbergh Effect
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Acceleration of puberty
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Bruce Effect
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-When a recently impregnated female encounters a novel male other than the one that impregnated her, she will miscarry-caused by substance in urine of male
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similarities and differences between NTs and hormones |
similarities-they're all signaling molecules Differences-system and methods they work under |
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what are the general principles of hormone actions |
-act in a gradual fashion -act by changing the probability or intensity of a behavior -behavior can be affected by several hormones often have a pulsatile secretion pattern -some are controlled by circadian clocks |
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what are the cellular mechanisms of hormone action |
-hormones affect cells by influencing their growth and activity -hormones initiate actions by binding to receptor molecules -feedback control mechanisms regulate secretion of hormones |
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oxytocin |
-postierior pituitary -reproductive/parenting behavior -uterine contraction and milk let down reflex |
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vasopressin (AVP) |
-posterior pituitary -increase blood pressure/inhibits urine formation |
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andrenocortopic hormone (ACTH) |
-anterior pituitary -controls adrenal cortex and steroid hormone release |
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
-anterior pituitary
-increase thyroid hormone release |
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
-anterior pituitary
-stimulates eggs containing follicles or sperm production |
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luteinizing hormone (LH) |
-anterior pituitary -stimulates follicles to form the corpora lutea |
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prolactin |
-anterior pituitary
-stimulates lactation in females/ involved in parental behavior |
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growth hormone (GH) |
-anterior pituitary
-influence growth mostly during sleep |
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glucocorticoids |
-adrenal cortex -a subgroup involved in glucose metabolism |
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Cortisol |
-adrenal cortex -a stress hormone that increases blood glucose and breaks down protein |
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aldosterone |
-adrenal cortex -acts on the kidneys to retain sodium |
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androstenedion |
adrenal cortex -sex steroid |
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thyrotripin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
-thyroid -TSH release is controlled by the TRH from the hypothamanus -Feedback from blood pressure |
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Gonadotropin-Releasing hormone |
-gonads -hypothalamus controls gonadal hormone production by releasing GnRH |
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kissepin |
-gonads -onset of puberty |
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gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH) |
-inhibit gonadotropic secretion |
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androgens |
-testosterone -testes -regulated by LH which is regulated by GnRH |
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Progestins |
-estrogen -ovaries -release is controlled by LH ans FSH which are controlled by GnRH |
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Melatonin |
-penial gland -provides a signal that tracks day, length and season. |
