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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diurnal |
-have daily cycle- bodily systems linked to cycle -more active during the day than night |
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Nocturnal |
active during the night |
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Circadian Rhythm |
behavioral biochemical, and physiological functioning that fluctuates over a 24 hour period |
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Zeitgebers |
time givers that synchronize our clock |
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free running rhythm |
-without light cues - no external cue (light) to entrain rhythm |
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suprachiasmatic nucleus |
hypothalamic structure -internal clock -lesions: disrupts daily cycles in hormones, drinking, activity, etc. |
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Retinohypothalamic pathway |
pathway that splits off optic chiasam and innervates the suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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drosophila |
fruit flies -key in circadian rhythm research |
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infradian |
longer than a day (circadian rhythm) |
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ultradian |
shorter than a day (circadian rhythm) |
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Circannual |
occurring on an annual basis |
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No Zeitgeibers |
free-running rhythm- 25 hours instead of 24 hours |
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Beta Waves |
high frequency low amplitude (saw tooth) |
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Alpha Waves |
-prominent (higher frequency greater amplitude) - muscles begin to relax, heart rate slows- lasts for minutes |
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Stage 1 Sleep |
Brain waves are still high frequency and law amplitude- lightest sleep a transition to deeper sleep |
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hypnic jerks |
sleep starts -very common muscle twitches -cause: unknown but related to stress, caffeine, etc. |
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stage 2 sleep |
brain waves are changing (frequency decreasing, amplitude increasing) |
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Stages 3/4 |
slow wave sleep - large amplitude Delta Waves |
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Delta Waves |
synchronization of cortical activity |
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REM sleep |
-Rapid eye movement -paradoxical sleep - brain is active but your muscles are not |
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GABA & Glycine key |
action at ionotropic and metabotropic receptores on motoneurons - inhibition of movement |
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Sleep debt |
getting a little less sleep than needed at night |
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How sleep is biologically adaptive |
-sleep conserves energy -ecological niche -sleep restores -memory consolidation |
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Ecological niche |
sleep when we are not as adapted to find food/avoid predators |
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Memory consolidation |
helps to consolidate memories |
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Forebrain |
-includes the cortex that displays slow wave sleep -controls slow wave sleep |
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hypothalamus |
integrates signaling -determines sleep/wake |
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brainstem |
activates forebrain |
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pontine system |
tiggers REM sleep |
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Ventral frontal lobe and Anterior hypothalamus |
cells release GABA -inhibit activity |
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Reticular activating system |
wakes up the brain Lesion: animals will exhibit persistent sleep |
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Pons |
key structure linked to initiating REM sleep |
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Insomnia |
inability to fall asleep |
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Narcolepsy |
sudden sleep attacks -frequent intense attacks of sleep 5-30 minutes |
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cataplexy (REM) |
sudden loss of muscle tone Trigger: intense emotional stimuli |
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Hypocretins (orexins) |
Neuropeptides associated with controlling transitions between sleep states |
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sleep paralysis |
muscle atonia and dreaming while awake |
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Sleep behavioral disorder |
lack of muscle atonia while in REM |
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Retrograde |
loss of memory before an event |
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anterograde |
loss of the ability to form new memories after an event |
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Declarative memory |
deals with facts and events that can be consciously recalled |
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Short- Term Memory (STM) |
things last between 15 and 30 secondes -either info is consolidated or lost -Frontal lobes are key |
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Long-Term Memory (LTM) |
Can store informative knowledge indefinitely -Hippocampus is key to consolidation of memories |
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Procedural Memory |
deals with procedure -Ex: How to ride a bike |
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Hyperthymesi |
people can remember an abnormally vast number of life experiences and recall them in detail |
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US |
Unconditioned stimulu |
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UR |
Unconditioned Response |
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CS |
Conditioned Stimulus |
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CR |
Conditioned Response |
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Positive reinforcement |
behavior produces a desirable/rewarding outcome |
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Negative reinforcement |
behavior results in the removal/avoidance of a negative outcome |
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Positive Punishment |
behavior produces a negative outcome |
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Omission training |
behavior results in the omission of a positve outcome |
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Fixed Ratio (FR) |
reinforced after a specific number of responses |
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Variable Ratio (VR) |
number of responses is variable around an average |
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Graded Depolarization |
Slight Excitement -AKA: Excitatory Post-Synaptic potential (EPSP) |
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Graded Hyperpolarization |
Slight Inhibition -AKA: Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP) |
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Long-term potentiation |
Long-lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high frequency stimulation |
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Schizophrenia |
Characterized by impairments in perception or expression of reality -Individuals usually exhibit significant social and/or occupational dysfunction |
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Area V5 (extra striate cortex) |
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MT (medial temporal area) |
Primary structure for explicit memory |
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Ventricular Enlargement |
-Tied to the DISC1 protein (developmental) sign of schizophrenia -Hippocampus and amygdala are smaller |
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Abnormalitiy of the Corpus Callosum |
less efficient transfer of activity |
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Abnormality of the Frontal Lobes |
activity is decreased compared to controls |
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Hypofrontality hypothesis |
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Chlorpromazine |
lobotomy in a bottle |
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Neuroleptic |
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Amphetamine psychosis |
Psychosis caused by drug use |
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Overactive DA system |
underlies schizophrenia |
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Haloperidol |
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Major Depressive Disorder (clinical depression) |
severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities |
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Persistent Depressive Disorder |
AKA: Dysthymia - present for at least 2 years |
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Perinatal Depression |
AKA postpartum - either during pregnancy or after delivery |
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Psychotic Depression |
also exhibit some form of psychosis - delusions - hallucination |
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
onset of depression during winter months with less natural sunlight |
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Bipolar Disorder |
Different from depression but included as type because of depression symptoms |
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
"talking cure" |
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ANitdepressanaats |
different drugs that affect the level of monoamines |
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Bipolar 1 |
manic episodes for 7 or more days (or immediate hospital care) -depressive symptoms lasting 2 weeks |
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Bipolar 2 |
pattern of depressive and hypomanic episodes - not full blown mania |
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Cyclothymic Disorder |
numerous hypomanic and numerous depressive symptoms for 2 years |
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Stimulus Generalization |
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
Characterized by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviors |
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Mad Cow Disease |
abnormal prions can destroy the brain |
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) |
fatal, causing brain degeneration, dementia, schizo-like symptoms |
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Post-traumatic stress disorder |
Characterized by physiological arousal brought on by recurring memories and dreams related to a traumatic event. |
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Post-traumatic stress disorder |
Characterized by physiological arousal brought on by recurring memories and dreams related to a traumatic event. |
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Virtual reality therapy |
Controlled virtual immersion environment that gradually desensitizes individuals to stress by allowing them to relive the traumatic event. |
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Prion |
Abnormally folded protein that causes progressive neuro degenerative disorders |
