Behavioral Neuroscience

Front 1

What are the four subsystems of movement control? Explain.

Back 1

Control of Movement
Four subsystems:
1) lower motor system: grey matter of spinal cord and brainstam -- contain lower motor neurons and lower circuit neurons -- the final common path of all motor output
2) upper motor system: send info. to spinal cord, initiate voluntary movements -- contains motor cortex and some brainstem centers
3) cerebellum: no direct access to lower motor systems -- connects to upper motor systems. Responsible for motor learning.
4) basal ganglia: Suppresses unwanted movements and primes neurons for the initiation of movements. Involved in Parkinson's disease.

Front 2

What are motor pools? What are motor units? Explain the three types of motor units.

Back 2

motor unit- a motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers

motor pools- groups of motor spinal neurons that innervate the same muscle, can produce finer moments

Three types of muscles units:
1) tension after one action potential (fast twitch) high power and quickly exhausted. Reflexes.
2) tension after repeated stimulation (slow twitch) med power, slow to exhaust. Walking other normal motor movement.
3) repetitive stimulation that initiates maximum tension (really slow twitch) low strength, not going to exhaust. (smooth muscle like the heart, digestion, and postural muscles).

Front 3

Define and Describe the Portal System

Back 3

The portal system is a system of endocrine glands and consists of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus sprits hormones into the portal vein which connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland. In the anterior pituitary, cells pick up those hormones & make more of it to spread thoughout the bloodstream.

Front 4

Name the 5 main contributors of Artificial Intelligence and their beliefs/findings.

Back 4

+Rene Descartes: Hydraulic theory of movement- the brain inflates muscles by directing pressurized fluid through the nerve. WRONG
+Joseph Jaquard: Created a loom that used a series of punched cards to control weaving pattern, the machine worked without a weaver.
+Charles Babbage: Created the "difference engine", an automatic mechanical calculator for calculating polynomial functions.
+Herman Hollerith: Coding- developed punched card tabulating and sorting machines
+Alan Turing: German enigma machine & relay based computer

Front 5

What is golgi tendon organ? How does it work?

Back 5

The receptor organ at the junction of the tendon and muscle and is sensitive to stretch.
It protects from over contraction.

The stretch receptors of the gogi tendon organ encode the degree of stretch by the rate of firing, through the tendons on the bones where the specific muscle is attached.

Front 6

What is the stretch reflex? How does it work?

Back 6

A reflex in which a muscle contracts in response to its being quickly stretched, involves a sensory neuron and a motor neuron w/ONE synapse between them.

star at muscle sprindle afferent impulses are conducted in terminal buttons in the spinal cord. These buttons synapse on a alpha motor neuron that innervates the extra fusal muscle fibes of the same muscle.