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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Histology
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Study of tissue structure and cellular anatomy.
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Gross Neuroanatomy
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Anatomical features visible to the eye.
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Neurophysiology
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study of how neurons work
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Neuropharmacology
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study of the effects of drugs
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Neuroendocrinology
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study of how brain and behavior are affected by hormones
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Neurocognition
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study of how we think, and what we think about
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Neuron doctrine
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brain composed of independent cells
information transmitted from cell to cell across synapses |
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Astrocytes
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Most numerous glial cell in brain
Fill spaces between neurons for support Regulate composition of the extracellular space |
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Oligodendrocytes
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Wrap axons with myelin sheaths inside brain and spinal cord
Each oligodendrocyte wraps several axons Forms segments of myelin sheath; nodes of Ranvier where axon membrane is exposed |
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Microglia
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Phagocytes that clean up debris from dying neurons and glia
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Ependymal Cells
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Line ventricles, secrete and absorb cerebral spinal fluid, guide embryonic cells during development
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Schwann Cell
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Wrap axons with myelin sheaths outside the brain and spinal cord
Each Schwann cell wraps only one axon |
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Dendritic spines
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studs to increase surface area
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Neural plasticity
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dendritic spines allows their number and structure to be rapidly altered by experience
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Dorsal (back) root
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carries sensory information from body to spinal cord
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Ventral (front) root
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carries motor information from spinal cord to muscles
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Preganglionic neurons
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from CNS to autonomic ganglia
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Postganglionic neurons
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from autonomic ganglia to targets in the body
Preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord – innervate sympathetic chain |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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prepares the body for action
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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rests and digests
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Medial
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toward the middle
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Lateral
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toward the side
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Ipsilateral
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same side
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Contralateral
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opposite side
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Anterior
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head end
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Posterior
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tail end
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Proximal
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near center
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Distal
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toward periphery
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Dorsal
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toward the back
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Ventral
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toward the belly
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Afferent
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carries information into a region of interest (usually sensory)
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Efferent
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carries information away from a region of interest (usually motor)
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Coronal
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separates brain from front to back. Resembles a butterfly
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Sagittal (midsagittal)
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slices the brain down the midline so you can see what’s on each half.
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Horizontal
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separates brain from top to bottom
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White matter
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composed of axon bundles. White because myelin sheaths (white fatty tissue) cover the axons
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Gray matter
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composed of clusters of cell bodies, have dark gray appearance.
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Basal Ganglia
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Motor Control Planning
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Limbic System
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memory / emotion regulation
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Diencephalon
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"Interbrain"
Includes: Thalamus Hypothalamus Mammillary Bodies |
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Reticular formation
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sleep and arousal, temperature control and motor control
MIDBRAIN |
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Pons
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contains motor and sensory nuclei to the face
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Medulla
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transition of brain to spinal cord.
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Cerebellum
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motor coordination and learning
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Dura Mater
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outermost layer of brain. keeps cerebrospinal fluid in brain and spinal cord.
"Tough Mother" |
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Arachnoid membrane
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"Spider (web)-like mother"
Web in between Dura and Pia. |
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Pia Mater
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Delicate innermost layer of meninges. Thin and fibrous, impermeable to fluid. Encloses CSF.
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neocortex
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Cerebral cortex has six distinct layers
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI
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Strong magnets cause protons in brain tissue to line up parallel.
A pulse of radio waves knocks protons over. Protons reconfigure, emitting radio waves that differ by tissue density. |
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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brain activity
radioactive chemicals injected into the bloodstream and maps their destination by their emissions Identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions |
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Functional MRI
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detects changes in brain metabolism, like oxygen use, in active brain areas.
show how networks of brain structures collaborate. |
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Nucleus
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DNA in chromosomes, mRNA transcribed from DNA, gene expression
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RER - rough endoplasmic reticulum
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arrays of membranes with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis for membrane-associated proteins
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SER - smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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regulates composition of cytoplasm
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Golgi Apparatus
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Stacks of flat membrane compartments,
packages products for shipment in cell |
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Lipid Bilayer
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surrounds cell and separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid – charge separator!
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Intrinsic Proteins
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receptors, ion channels, makes neurons have necessary properties for signaling
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Microtubules
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20nm thick-walled tubes, spirals of tubulin, tracks for movement within neuron
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Neurofilaments
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10nm twisted protein cables, static structures
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Microfilaments
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5nm double helix of actin, dynamic structures, associated with cell membrane
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anterograde transport
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material moved from soma to terminals along microtubules.
KINESIN - enabling protein. |
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retrograde transport
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material moved from terminals to soma.
DYNEIN - enabling protein. |
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MELAS syndrome
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Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke
Mitochondrial energy failure |
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Larger neurons
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Have more complex inputs and outputs
Cover greater distances Convey information more rapidly |
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Diffusion
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causes ions to flow from areas of high to low concentration, along their concentration gradient
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Electrostatic pressure
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causes ions to flow towards oppositely charged areas
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Ion channels
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are proteins that span the membrane and allow ions to pass in and out
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Gated channels
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open and close in response to :
voltage changes chemicals mechanical action |
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Graded potentials
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occur in dendrites
As graded potentials spread across membrane, they diminish - ”ripples in a pond" |
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All-or-none property of the action potential
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Neuron fires at full amplitude or not at all – does not reflect increased stimulus strength.
Action potentials increase in frequency with increased stimulus strength |
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Ionic basis of action potential
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1) Voltage-gated Na+ channels open in response to initial depolarization
2) More voltage-gated channels open and more Na+ ions enter until membrane potential reaches +40 mV 3) Voltage-gated Na+ channels close 4) As the inside of the cell becomes more positive, voltage-gated K+ channels open 5) K+ moves out and the resting potential is restored |
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Absolute refractory phase
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no more action potentials can be produced
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Relative refractory phase
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only strong stimulation can produce an action potential
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Channelopathy
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genetic abnormality of ion channels:
epilepsy, migraine, other disorders |
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Sequence of Transmission Processes at Chemical Synapses
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Action potential travels down axon to the axon terminal
Voltage-gated calcium channels open and Ca2+ enters Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release transmitter into the cleft |
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Sequence of Transmission Processes at Chemical Synapses
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Transmitter binds to postsynaptic receptor – cause EPSP or IPSP
Transmitter is inactivated: degradation, reuptake Transmitter may bind to presynaptic autoreceptors, decreasing release |
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Degradation
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breakdown/inactivation of transmitter by an enzyme
Example: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh |
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Electrical synapses
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Ions flow directly through large channels into adjacent cells, with no time delay
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Ligands
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fit receptors to activate or block them: lock-and-key
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Endogenous ligands
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neurotransmitters and hormones
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Exogenous ligands
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drugs and toxins from outside the body
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Up-regulation
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increase in number of receptors
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Down-regulation
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decrease in number of receptors
Example: benzodiazepines (Valium, etc) down-regulate their receptors: tolerance |
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Ionotropic receptors
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open when bound by a transmitter (also called a ligand-gated ion channel)
DIRECT |
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Metabotropic receptors
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recognize the transmitter but instead activate G- proteins
INDIRECT |
